Abstract
Carbonation-induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement is the major deterioration factor of the RC infrastructures in urban areas. Carbonation progress in concrete is influenced by the exposure and environmental conditions prevailing at each area. Therefore, the rate of deterioration due to carbonation varies at different areas. Field measurements can quantify this carbonation progress for specific structures and areas. However, the scattered nature of individual field data offers little information to be considered for the assessment of existing structures or the design of new structures. This study aims to bridge this gap and shows that individual field data can be combined to characterise an area using GIS mapping tools. A generated map can depict the variability of carbonation progress with the geographical location. Measurements of the carbonation depth of several buildings at different locations in the Limassol district have been provided by a construction laboratory. Such information can be used to depict the carbonation progress on each structure through the calculation of the carbonation factor and then portray its value using mapping techniques. The result is a corrosion risk map of the Limassol district depicting the variability of carbonation progress with geographical locations. This can be used by engineers and managing authorities as a prediction tool for the initiation of carbonation-induced corrosion in existing structures and also at design stage to set the durability requirements of the concrete cover depth.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACI Committee 222 (1994) Corrosion of metals in concrete. Manual of concrete practice, part 3. Detroit, American Concrete Institute
Ahmad S (2003) Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service life prediction—a review. Cem Concr Compos 25:459–471
Alexander MG, Mackechnie JR, Yam W (2007) Carbonation of concrete bridge structures in three South African localities. Cem Concr Compos 29:750–759
Ann KY, Pack SW, Hwang JP, Song HW, Kim SH (2010) Service life prediction of a concrete bridge structure subjected to carbonation. Constr Build Mater 24:1494–1501. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.023
ASTM C856-14 (2014) Standard practice for petrographic examination of hardened concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Azpurua M, Ramos KD (2010) A comparison of spatial interpolation methods for estimation of average electromagnetic field magnitude. PIER M 14:135–145
Bastidas-Arteaga E, Schoefs F, Steward MG, Wang X (2013) Influence of global warning on durability of corroding RC structures: a probabilistic approach. Eng Struct 51:259–266
Bertolini L, Elsener B, Pedeferri P, Redaelli E, Polder RB (2013) Corrosion of steel in concrete: prevention, diagnosis, repair. Wiley, Hoboken. doi:10.1002/3527603379
Broomfield J (1997) Corrosion of steel in concrete—understanding, investigation and repair, 1st edn. E & FN Spon, London
Broomfield J, Fischer J, Mietz J, Schneck U (2013) Case studies. Mater Corros 64(2):147–160
Bungey JH, Millard SG, Grantham MG (2006) Testing of concrete in structures, 4th edn. Taylor and Francis, London
Cabrera JG (1996) Deterioration of concrete due to reinforcement steel corrosion. Cem Concr Compos 18:47–59
Christou G (2015) Condition assessment of existing RC corroded buildings. MSc dissertation, Cyprus University of Technology
Christou G, Tantele EA, Votsis RA (2014) Effect of environmental deterioration on buildings: a condition assessment case study. In: Proceedings of SPIE 9229, second international conference on remote sensing and geoinformation of the environment RSCy2014. doi:10.1117/12.2069707
Concrete Society, Current Practice Sheet 131 (2003) Measuring the depth of carbonation. Concrete, January 2003.
De Wilde P (2012) The implications of a changing climate for buildings. Build Environ 55:1–7
Du YG, Clark LA, Chan AHC (2005) Residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars. Mag Concr Res 57(3):135–147
EN 1992 (2005) Design of concrete structures. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
EN 206-1 (2013) Concrete: specification, performance, production and conformity. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
ESRI (2014) ArcGIS desktop: release 10.3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands
FIB (International Federation for Structural Concrete) (2006) Model code for service life design. Bulletin 34
FIB (International Federation for Structural Concrete) (2011) Model code 2010
François R, Khan I, Dang-Hiep V (2013) Impact of corrosion on mechanical properties of steel embedded in 27-years old corroded reinforced concrete beams. Mater Struct 46(6):899–910
Georgiou N, Anastasiou C, Tantele EA, Votsis RA, Danezis C (2016) Classification of corrosion risk zones using GIS. In: Proceedings of SPIE, third international conference on remote sensing and geoinformation of the environment RSCy2016
Hansson CM (1995) Concrete: the advanced industrial material of the 21st century. Metall Mater Trans 26(6):1321–1341
Imperatore S, Rinaldi Z (2008) Mechanical behaviour of corroded rebars and influence on the structural response of R/C elements. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on concrete repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting, ICCRRR-2, Cape Town, South Africa
Isaaks E, Srivastava RM (1990) An introduction to applied geostatistics, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Kim G, In CW, Kim JY, Jacobs LJ, Kurtis KE (2014) Nondestructive detection and characterization of carbonation in concrete. In: AIP conference proceedings, vol 1581, pp 805–813
Kumar P, Imam B (2013) Footprints of air pollution and changing environment on the sustainability of built infrastructure. Sci Total Environ 444:85–101
Marques PF, Chastre C, Nunes A (2013) Carbonation service life modelling of RC structures for concrete with Portland and blended cements. Cem Concr Compos 37:171–184
Mattsson E (2001) Basic corrosion technology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edn. The Institute of Materials, London
Monteiro I, Branco FA, De Brito J, Neves R (2012) Statistical analysis of the carbonation coefficient in open air concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 29:263–269
Neville AM (1995) Properties of concrete, 4th and final edn. Longman Group Limited, Essex
O’Sullivan D, Unwin D (2010) Geographic information analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Roberge PR (2007) Corrosion inspection and monitoring. Wiley, Hoboken
Roberge PR (2012) Handbook of corrosion engineering, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Education LLC, New York
Saettaa AV, Vitaliani RV (2005) Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process in reinforced concrete structures: Part II. Practical applications. Cem Concr Res 35:958
Shepard D (1968) A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data. ACM annual conference/annual meeting, pp 517–524
Steward MG, Wang X, Nguyen MN (2011) Climate change impact and risks of concrete infrastructure deterioration. Eng Struct 33:1326–1337
Talukdar S, Banthia N, Grace J, Cohen S (2013) Climate change-induced carbonation of concrete infrastructure. Constr Mater Proc ICE 167(3):140–150
Tuutti K (1982) Corrosion of steel in concrete. Swedish cement and concrete institute, report F04, Stockholm
Uddin MT, Islam MN, Sutradhar SK, Chowdhury MHR, Hasnat A, Khatib JM (2013) Carbonation coefficient of concrete in Dhaka City. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies, SCMT3, Kyoto, Japan
Villain G, Thiery M, Platret G (2007) Measurement methods of carbonation profiles in concrete: thermogravimetry, chemical analysis and gammadensimetry. Cem Concr Res 37(8):1182–1192
Wang X, Steward MG, Nguyen M (2012) Impact of climate change on corrosion and damage to concrete infrastructure in Australia. Clim Change 110:941–957
Yoon IS, Copuroglu O, Park KB (2007) Effect of global climatic change on carbonation progress of concrete. Atmos Environ 41:7274–7285
Zhou Y, Gencturk B, Willam K, Attar A (2014) Carbonation-induced and chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. J Mater Civ Eng. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001209
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the DENEMA laboratories LTD for the provision of field data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tantele, E.A., Votsis, R.A., Danezis, C. et al. Mapping the variability of carbonation progress using GIS techniques and field data: a case study of the Limassol district. Nat Hazards 83 (Suppl 1), 183–199 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2509-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2509-4