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Gartanin Protects Neurons against Glutamate-Induced Cell Death in HT22 Cells: Independence of Nrf-2 but Involvement of HO-1 and AMPK

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Abstract

Oxidative stress mediates the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Gartanin, a natural xanthone of mangosteen, possesses multipharmacological activities. Herein, the neuroprotection capacity of gartanin against glutamate-induced damage in HT22 cells and its possible mechanism(s) were investigated for the first time. Glutamate resulted in cell death in a dose-dependent manner and supplementation of 1–10 µM gartanin prevented the detrimental effects of glutamate on cell survival. Additional investigations on the underlying mechanisms suggested that gartanin could effectively reduce glutamate-induced intracellular ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization. We further found that gartanin induced HO-1 expression independent of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2). Subsequent studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of gartanin on glutamate-induced apoptosis were partially blocked by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1. Finally, the protein expression of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream signal molecules, Sirtuin activator (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), increased after gartanin treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest gartanin is a potential neuroprotective agent against glutamate-induced oxidative injury partially through increasing Nrf-2-independed HO-1 and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathways.

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Abbreviations

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

ΔΨm:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase 1

Nrf-2:

Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

H2DCF-DA:

H2DCF-DA dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate

DHE:

Dihydroethidium

R123:

Rhodamine 123

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3

PPARα:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α

SIRT1:

Sirtuin activator 1

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Project of Science & Technology (No. 2013B051000038), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31371070) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 15ykjc08b) to R. Pi.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China

      Xiao-yun Gao

    2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

      Sheng-nan Wang, Xiao-hong Yang, Wen-jian Lan, Zi-wei Chen, Jing-kao Chen & Rong-biao Pi

    3. International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China

      Sheng-nan Wang, Xiao-hong Yang, Zi-wei Chen, Jing-kao Chen, Yi-fan Han & Rong-biao Pi

    4. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China

      Jian-hui Xie & Xiao-bo Yang

    5. Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China

      Yi-fan Han

    6. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China

      Rong-biao Pi

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    Xiao-yun Gao, Sheng-nan Wang, Xiao-hong Yang have contributed equally to this work.

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    Gao, Xy., Wang, Sn., Yang, Xh. et al. Gartanin Protects Neurons against Glutamate-Induced Cell Death in HT22 Cells: Independence of Nrf-2 but Involvement of HO-1 and AMPK. Neurochem Res 41, 2267–2277 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-1941-x

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