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Neuroprotection of Ischemic Preconditioning is Mediated by Anti-inflammatory, Not Pro-inflammatory, Cytokines in the Gerbil Hippocampus Induced by a Subsequent Lethal Transient Cerebral Ischemia

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Abstract

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced by sublethal transient cerebral ischemia could reduce neuronal damage/death following a subsequent lethal transient cerebral ischemia. We, in this study, compared expressions of interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IL-4 and IL-13 as anti-inflammatory cytokines in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region between animals with lethal ischemia and ones with IPC followed by lethal ischemia. In the animals with lethal ischemia, pyramidal neurons in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region were dead at 5 days post-ischemia; however, IPC protected the CA1 pyramidal neurons from lethal ischemic injury. Expressions of all cytokines were significantly decreased in the SP after lethal ischemia and hardly detected in the SP at 5 days post-ischemia because the CA1 pyramidal neurons were dead. IPC increased expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region following no lethal ischemia (sham-operation), and the increased expressions of IL-4 and IL-13 by IPC were continuously maintained is the SP of the CA1 region after lethal ischemia. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) in the SP of the CA1 region were similar those in the sham-operated animals with IPC, and the IL-4 and IL-13 expressions in the SP were maintained after lethal ischemia. In conclusion, this study shows that anti-inflammatory cytokines significantly increased and longer maintained by IPC and this might be closely associated with neuroprotection after lethal transient cerebral ischemia.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. Seung Uk Lee for his technical help in this study. This work was supported by the Bio-Synergy Research Project (NRF-2014M3A9C4066454) of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning through the National Research Foundation, and by 2014 Research Grant from Kangwon National University, and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and future Planning (NRF-2014R1A2A2A01005307).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea

    Dong Won Kim & Jeong Yeol Seo

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea

    Dong Won Kim & Jun Hwi Cho

  3. Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea

    Jae-Chul Lee, Jeong-Hwi Cho, Joon Ha Park, Ji Hyeon Ahn, Moo-Ho Won & In Hye Kim

  4. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea

    Bai Hui Chen & Bich-Na Shin

  5. Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea

    Hyun-Jin Tae

  6. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea

    Il Jun Kang

  7. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea

    Seongkweon Hong

  8. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea

    Young-Myeong Kim

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  1. Dong Won Kim
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Correspondence to Moo-Ho Won or In Hye Kim.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The procedures for animal handling and care adhered to guidelines that are in compliance with the current international laws and policies (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, The National Academies Press, 8th Ed., 2011), and they were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Kangwon National University (Approval No. KW-130424-1). All of the experiments were conducted to minimize the number of animals used and the suffering caused by the procedures used in the present study.

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Kim, D.W., Lee, JC., Cho, JH. et al. Neuroprotection of Ischemic Preconditioning is Mediated by Anti-inflammatory, Not Pro-inflammatory, Cytokines in the Gerbil Hippocampus Induced by a Subsequent Lethal Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 40, 1984–1995 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-015-1694-y

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