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Optimized method of dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for evaluation of safety aspects in cosmetics

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Abstract

Nanoparticles agglomerate when in contact with biological solutions, depending on the solutions’ nature. The agglomeration state will directly influence cellular response, since free nanoparticles are prone to interact with cells and get absorbed into them. In sunscreens, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) form mainly aggregates between 30 and 150 nm. Until now, no toxicological study with skin cells has reached this range of size distribution. Therefore, in order to reliably evaluate their safety, it is essential to prepare suspensions with reproducibility, irrespective of the biological solution used, representing the above particle size distribution range of NPs (30–150 nm) found on sunscreens. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a unique protocol of TiO2 dispersion, combining these features after dilution in different skin cell culture media, for in vitro tests. This new protocol was based on physicochemical characteristics of TiO2, which led to the choice of the optimal pH condition for ultrasonication. The next step consisted of stabilization of protein capping with acidified bovine serum albumin, followed by an adjustment of pH to 7.0. At each step, the solutions were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The final concentration of NPs was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Finally, when diluted in dulbecco’s modified eagle medium, melanocytes growth medium, or keratinocytes growth medium, TiO2–NPs displayed a highly reproducible size distribution, within the desired size range and without significant differences among the media. Together, these results demonstrate the consistency achieved by this new methodology and its suitability for in vitro tests involving skin cell cultures.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the CNPq/PROMETRO, and the CNPq/PVE—CIÊNCIA SEM FRONTEIRAS. We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology for the Post-Doctoral (52600.017263/2013) scholarship.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Division of Materials Applied To Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, 25250-020, Brazil

      Karina Penedo Carvalho, Nathalia Balthazar Martins, Ana Rosa Lopes Pereira Ribeiro, Taliria Silva Lopes & José Mauro Granjeiro

    2. Laboratory of Inorganic Analysis, Division of Chemical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, 25250-020, Brazil

      Rodrigo Caciano de Sena

    3. Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, Institute of Biology and Chemistry of Proteins (IBCP), Lyon, 69367, France

      Pascal Sommer

    4. Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN/Br), São Paulo, Brazil

      Ana Rosa Lopes Pereira Ribeiro & José Mauro Granjeiro

    5. Laboratory of Biotechnology Dental School, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-150, Brazil

      José Mauro Granjeiro

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    1. Karina Penedo Carvalho
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    Correspondence to Karina Penedo Carvalho.

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    Karina Penedo Carvalho and Nathalia Balthazar Martins have contributed equally to this work.

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    Carvalho, K.P., Martins, N.B., Ribeiro, A.R.L.P. et al. Optimized method of dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for evaluation of safety aspects in cosmetics. J Nanopart Res 18, 244 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3542-7

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