Abstract
At present, the binary images are often used as the original watermark images of many watermarking methods, but partial methods cannot be easily extended to colour image watermarking methods. For resolving this problem, we propose a new watermarking method using ternary coding and QR decomposition for colour image. In the procedure of embedding watermark, the colour image watermark is coded to ternary information; the colour host image is also separated into image blocks of sized 3 × 3, and these image blocks are further decomposed via QR decomposition; then, one ternary watermark is embedded into one orthogonal matrix Q of QR decomposition by the proposed rules. In the procedure of extracting watermark, the proposed method uses the blind-manner to extract the embedded ternary information. The novelty of this scheme lies in the proposed ternary coding for watermark image, which can improve the imperceptibility, embedded watermark capacity and real-time feature of the watermarking scheme. The results of simulation show the presented technique is better than other compared schemes with respect to imperceptibility, embedded watermark capacity and real-time feature under the similar robustness.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen W, Quan C, Tay CJ (2009) Optical colour image encryption based on Arnold transform and interference method. Opt Commun 282(18):3680–3685
Chen B, Coatrieux G, ChenN G et al (2014) Full 4-D quaternion discrete Fourier transform based watermarking for colour images. Dig Sign Proc 28(5):106–119
Golear NEH, Seghir R, Benzid R (2010) A bind RGB colour image watermarking based on singular value decomposition[C]//. 2010 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications. Hammamet, Tunisia 1–5
Hsu LY (2017) H. T.Hu. Robust blind image watermarking using crisscross inter-block prediction in the DCT domain. J Vis Commun Image Represent 46:33–47
Y. Ma, X. Luo, X. Li, Z. Bao, Y. Zhang. Selection of rich model Steganalysis features based on decision rough set α-positive region reduction. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol, 2018, published online, DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSVT.2018.2799243
Moor BD, Dooren PV (1992) Generalizations of the singular value and QR decompositions. SIAM J Matrix Anal Appl 13(4):993–1014
Ou B, Li X, Zhao Y, Ni R (2015) Efficient color image reversible data hiding based on channel-dependent payload partition and adaptive embedding. Signal Process 108:642–657
Sadreazami H, Omair Ahmad M, Swamy MNS (2015) A robust multiplicative watermark detector for colour images in sparse domain. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems—II: express. Briefs 62(12):1159–1163
Song W, Hou JJ, Li ZH et al (2011) Chaotic system and QR factorization based robust digital image watermarking algorithm. J Cent S Univ Technol 18(1):116–124
Su Q, Niu Y, Wang G et al (2014) Colour image blind watermarking scheme based on QR decomposition. Signal Process 94:219–235
Su Q, Niu Y, Zou H et al (2014) A blind double colour image watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition. Multimed Tools Appl 72(1):987–1009
Su Q, Wang G, Jia S, Zhang X et al (2015) Embedding colour image watermark in colour image based on two-level DCT. Sign Image Video Proc 9(5):991–1007
Su Q, Wang G, Zhang X et al (2017) An improved colour image watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition. Multimed Tools Appl 76(1):707–729
University of Granada. Computer Vision Group. CVG-UGR Image Database. [2012-10-22]. http://decsai.ugr.es/cvg/dbimagenes/c512.php
Urvoy M, Goudia D, Autrusseau F (2014) Perceptual DFT watermarking with improved detection and robustness to geometrical distortions. IEEE Trans Inform Forens Sec 9(7):1108–1119
Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR et al (2004) Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans Image Process 13(4):600–612
Wang X, Wang C, Yang H et al (2013) A robust blind colour image watermarking in quaternion Fourier transform domain. J Syst Softw 86(2):255–277
Wang J, Li T, Shi Y, Lian S, Ye J (2017) Forensics feature analysis in quaternion wavelet domain for distinguishing photographic images and computer graphics. Multimed Tools Appl 76(22):23721–23737
Yao H, Qin C, Tang Z, Tian Y (2017) Guided filtering based color image reversible data hiding. J Vis Commun Image Represent 43:152–163
Yashar N, Saied HK (2014) Fast and robust watermarking in still images based on QR decomposition. Multimed Tools Appl 72(3):2597–2618
Zhang Y, Qin C, Zhang W, Luo X (2018) On the fault-tolerant performance for a class of robust image steganography. Signal Process 146:99–111
Zhou Z, Wang Y, J QM (2017) Wu, et al. effective and efficient global context verification for image copy detection. IEEE Trans Inform Forens Sec 12(1):48–63
Acknowledgements
This paper was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61771231, 61772253), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017MF010, ZR2017PF010). We sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable advice in improving the quality of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Su, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, D. et al. A new watermarking scheme for colour image using QR decomposition and ternary coding. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 8113–8132 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6632-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6632-y