Abstract
This paper proposes an advanced encryption of MP3 and MPEG-4 coder with a quality degradation-based security model. For the MP3 audio, the magnitude and phase information of modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coefficients is encrypted. DCT coefficients and motion vectors (MVs) are used for the scrambling of the MPEG-4 video. This encryption scheme has a level of security, secures in perception, keeps format compliance, and obtains better time efficiency by reducing the encrypted volumes of multimedia contents. These properties make it practical to incorporate encryption and decryption process into compression and decompression process, and thus suitable for secure A/V transmission or sharing. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique provides levels of security for a flexible business model and achieves a simple and coding-efficient architecture with no adverse impact on error resilience.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agi I, Gong L (1996) An empirical study of mpeg video transmissions. Proceedings of the Internet Society Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security, San Diego, pp 137–144
Bassia P, Pitas I, Nikolaidis N (2001) Robust audio watermarking in the time domain. IEEE Trans Multimed 3(2):232–241
Borujeni SE (2000) Speech encryption based on fast Fourier transform permutation. IEEE Int Conf Electron Circ Syst 1:290–293
Cox I, Kilian J, Leighton F, Shamoon T (1997) Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans Image Process 6(12):1673–1687
Cox IJ, Miller ML, Bloom JA (2000) Watermarking applications and their properties. Proc. IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, Coding and Computing, Las Vegas, pp 6–10
Farkash S, Raz S, Malah D (1991) “Analog speech scrambling via the Gabor representation,” Proc. of the 17th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, pp. 365–368
Gall DL (1991) MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications. Commun ACM 34(4):46–58
Khan JY, Das P (2002) MPEG-4 video over packet switched connection of the WCDMA air interface. Int Symp Pers Indoor Mob Radio Commun 5:2189–2193
Kwon GR, Lee TY, Kim KH, Jin JD, Ko SJ (2005) Multimedia digital right management using selective scrambling for mobile handset. CIS2005 LNAI 3802:1098–1103
Li W, Xinping H, Leung H (2004) Performance evaluation of digital audio watermarking algorithms. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 40:12–26
A. Matsunaga, K. Koga, and M. Ohkawa, “An analog speech scrambling system using the FFT technique with high level security,” IEEE Trans. on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 540–547, May. 1989.
Neubauer C, Herre J, Brandenburg K (1998) Continuous steganographic data transmission using uncompressed audio. Proc. Information HidingWorkshop, Portland, pp 208–217
Petitcolas FAP, Anderson RJ, Kuhn MG (1999) Information hiding: a survey. Proc IEEE 87(7):1062–1078
Piva A, Bartolini F, Barni M (2002) Managing copyright in open networks. IEEE Internet Comput 6(3):18–26
Qiao L, Nahrstedt K (1997) A new algorithm for MPEG video encryption. Proceedings of The First International Conference on Imaging Science, Systems, and Technology (CISST97), Las Vegas, pp 21–29
Qiao L, Nahrstedt K (1998) Comparison of MPEG encryption algorithms. Comput Graph 22(4):437–448
Schneier B (1996) Applied cryptography, 2nd edn. Wiley and Sons, New York
Spanos G, Maples T (1995) Performance study of a selective encryption scheme for the security of networked, real-time video. Proc. of 4th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, Las Vegas
Tang L (1996) Methods for encrypting and decrypting MPEG video data efficiently. Proc. ACM Multimedia 96, Boston, pp 219–230
Wang J, Healy R, Timoney J (2011) A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal. Signal Process 91:1693–1708
Xiang S, Joong Kim H, Huang J (2008) Audio watermarking robust against time-scale modification and MP3 compression. Signal Process 88:2372–2387
Yeh C, Kuo C (1999) Digital watermarking through quasi m-arrays. Proc. IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, Taipei, pp 456–461
Zeng W, Lei S (2003) Efficient frequency domain selective scrambling of digital video. IEEE Trans Multimed 5:118–129
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No.2010-0008974). Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Chun-Su Park (cspark@sejong.ac.kr)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kwon, GR., Lama, R.K., Pyun, JY. et al. Multimedia digital rights management based on selective encryption for flexible business model. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 6697–6715 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2563-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2563-z