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Optimal pixel expansion of deterministic visual cryptography scheme

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Abstract

The optimal pixel expansion is an important parameter of deterministic visual cryptography scheme (DVCS). There are many researches have been done under different access structures and stacking operations. However, any necessary or sufficient condition has not been found about the optimal pixel expansion. In this paper, we give a necessary condition of the optimal pixel expansion of DVCS for the first time, which is suitable for any access structure and any stacking operation. Furthermore, a pixel expansion optimization algorithm has been designed to improve the existing schemes. It is found that the pixel expansion can be reduced for most DVCS based on XOR operation. Finally, we give some experimental results and comparisons to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61070086.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zhengzhou Information Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Zhengxin Fu

  2. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou Information Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China

    Bin Yu

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  1. Zhengxin Fu
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  2. Bin Yu
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Correspondence to Zhengxin Fu.

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Fu, Z., Yu, B. Optimal pixel expansion of deterministic visual cryptography scheme. Multimed Tools Appl 73, 1177–1193 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1625-3

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