Abstract
Object based compression techniques are widely believed to have the potential to give the best compression results for a given signal quality. However, true object tracking and extraction are difficult and computationally expensive. In this paper, an arbitrarily shaped virtual-object compression method is developed. The method is similar to the object based compression methods in that it separates the changing portion of the video from the stationary portion, and encodes them independently. The changing portion of the video is grouped as a 3D arbitrarily shaped virtual-object whereas the unchanged portion of the video is grouped as background. The arbitrarily shaped virtual object is coded using 3D wavelet compression whereas stationary background is coded as a single frame using 2D wavelet compression. Experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed method has comparable performance with the state-of-the-art compression methods and significantly outperforms rectangular virtual-object compression.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Hajar A, Sankar R (2002) Integer-to-integer shape adaptive wavelet transform for region of interest image coding. In: Proc. IEEE 10th digital signal processing workshop, and the 2nd signal processing education workshop, pp 94–97
Adhami R (1996) Video compression technique using wavelet transform. In: Proc. IEEE conf. aerospace applications, vol 4, pp 449–455
Avaro O, Eleftheriadis A, Herpel C, Rajan G, Ward L (2000) MPEG-4 systems: overview
Balster EJ (2004) Video compression and rate-constrained control methods based on the wavelet transform. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University
Balster EJ, Zheng YF (2005) Virtual-object video compression. In: Proc. 48th midwest symposium on circuits and systems, pp 1700–1704
Balster EJ, Zheng YF, Ewing RL (2005) Feature-based wavelet shrinkage algorithm for image denoising. IEEE Trans Image Process 14(12):2024–2039
Balster EJ, Zheng YF, Ewing RL (2006) Combined spatial and temporal domain wavelet shrinkage algorithm for video denoising. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 16(2):220–230
BBC Research (2010) Dirac overview. http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/projects/dirac/overview.shtml. Accessed 4 Mar 2011
Bindulal TS, Kaima MR (2007) Object coding using a shape adaptive wavelet transform with scalable WDR method. In: Proc. IEEE intl. conf. image processing, vol 2, pp 325–328 (2007)
Crave O, Pesquet-Popescu B, Guillemot C (2010) Robust video coding based on multiple description scalar quantization with side information. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 20(6):769–779
Fowler JE (2000) Qccpack: an open-source software library for quantization, compression, and coding. In: Tescher AG (ed) Applications of digital image processing XXIII, San Diego, CA, Proc SPIE, vol 4115
Guo C, Zhang L (2010) A novel multiresolution spatiotemporal saliency detection model and its applications in image and video compression. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(1):185–198
Guo H, Burrus C (1997) Wavelet transform based fast approximate fourier transform. In: Proc IEEE intl. conf. acoustics, speech, and signal processing, vol 3, pp 1973–1976
He C, Zheng YF, Ahalt SC (2002) Object tracking using the gabor wavelet transform and the golden section algorithm. IEEE Trans Multimedia 4(4):528–538
He C, Dong J, Zheng YF, Gao Z (2003) Optimal 3-D coefficient tree structure for 3-D wavelet video coding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(10):961–972
Hwang YT, Wang YC, Wang SS (2001) An efficient shape coding scheme and its codec design. In: Proc. IEEE workshop on signal processing systems, pp 225–232
ISO/IEC (1993) ISO/IEC 11172-2: information technology—coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbits/s - part 2: video. International Organization of Standarization, Geneva, Swizerland
ISO/IEC (1995) ISO/IEC 13818-2: information technology—generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: video. International Organization of Standarization, Geneva, Swizerland
ISO/IEC (1998) ISO/IEC 14496-10: information technology—coding of audio-visual objects : MPEG-4 systems. International Organization of Standarization, Geneva, Swizerland
ISO/IEC (2004) ISO/IEC 14496-10: information technology—coding of audio-visual objects-part 10 : advanced video coding. International Organization for Standarization, Geneva, Switzerland
Jiang C, Zhu L (2010) Design and optimization of video compression system based on H.264. In: Proc. intl. conf. on optoelectronics and image processing (ICOIP), vol 1, pp 376–379
Jiang C, Zhu L (2010) Design and optimization of video compression system based on MPEG-4. In: Proc. intl. conf. computer application and system modeling (ICCASM), vol 15, pp 275–278
Jozawa H, Watanabe H, Singhal S (1992) Interframe video coding using overlapped motion compensation and perfect reconstruction filter banks. In: Proc. IEEE intl. conf. acoustics, speech, and signal processing, vol 4, pp 649–652
Kao MP, Nguyen TQ (2010) Rate-distortion optimized bitstream extractor for motion scalability in wavelet-based scalable video coding. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(5):1214–1223
Karlsson G, Vetterli M (1988) Three dimensional sub-band coding of video. In: Proc. intl. conf. acoustics, speech, and signal processing, pp 1100–1103
van der Laan WJ, Jalba AC, Roerdink JB (2011) Accelerating wavelet lifting on graphics hardware using cuda. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 22(1):132–146
Li J, Lei S (1998) Arbitrary shape wavelet transform with phase alignment. In: Proc. IEEE intl. conf. image processing, vol 3, pp 683–687
Li S, Li W (2000) Shape-adaptive discrete wavelet transforms for arbitrarily shaped visual object coding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 10(5):725–743
Lin C, Zhang B, Zheng YF (2000) Packed integer wavelet transform constructed by lifting scheme. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 10(8):1496–1501
Liu Y, Ngan KN, Wu F (2008) 3-D shape-adaptive directional wavelet transform for object-based scalable video coding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 18(7):888–899
Martucci SA, Sodagar I, Chiang T, Zhang Y (1997) A zerotree wavelet video coder. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst Video Technol 7(1):109–118
MSU Graphics and Media Lab (Video Group) (2011) MSU video quality measurement tool. http://compression.ru/video/quality_measure/video_measurement_tool_en.html. Accessed 4 Mar 2011
Oktiawati UY, Yap VV (2007) Video compression using dual tree complex wavelet transform. In: Proc. Intl. conf. intelligent and advanced systems, pp 775–778
Polzer A, Klock H, Buhrmann JM (1997) Video coding by region-based motion compensation and spatio-temporal wavelet transform. In: Proc. intl. conf. image processing, vol 3, pp 436–439
Shen Z, Frater MR, Arnold JF (2008) Quad-tree block-based binary shape coding. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst Video Technol 18(6):845–850
Sikora T, Makai B (1995) Shape-adaptive DCT for generic coding of video. IIEEE Trans Circuit Syst Video Technol 5(1):59–62
Strat TM (2001) Object-based encoding: next-generation video compression. In: Proc. workshop and exhibition. MPEG-4, pp 53–57
Sweldens W (1996) The lifting scheme: a custom design construction of biorthogonal wavelets. Appl Comput Harmon Anal 3(2):186–200
Tan W, Chan E, Zalchor A (1996) Real time software implementation of scalable video codec. In: Proc. intl. conf. image processing, vol 1, pp 17–20
Tham JY, Ranganath S, Kassim AA (1998) Highly scalable wavelet-based video codec for very low bit-rate environment. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 16(1):12–27
Tsai MJ, Villasenor JD, Chen F (1996) Stack-run image coding. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst Video Technol 6(5):519–521
VideoLan.org (2011) http://www.videolan.org/developers/x264.html. Accessed 4 Mar 2011
Viola P, Jones M (2001) Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: Proc. IEEE computer society conf computer vision and pattern recognition, vol 1, pp 511–518
Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP (2004) Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans Image Process 13(4):600–612
Xing G, Li J, Li S, Zhang YQ (2001) Arbitrarily shaped video-object coding by wavelet. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst Video Technol 11(10):1135–1139
Xiong Z, Ramchandran K, Orchard MT, Zhang Y (1998) A comparative study of DCT and wavelet based coding. In: Proc. IEEE intl. symp. circuits and systems, vol 4, pp 273–276
Zhou L, Zahir S (2006) A novel shape coding scheme for MPEG-4 visual standard. In: Proc. intl. conf. innovative computing, information and control, vol 3, pp 585–588
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, N., Zhu, J., Zheng, Y.F. et al. Arbitrarily shaped virtual-object based video compression. Multimed Tools Appl 62, 659–680 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0869-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0869-z