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Non-coding RNAs associated with autophagy and their regulatory role in cancer therapeutics

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Abstract

Cancer widely affects the world’s health population and ranks second leading cause of death globally. Because of poor prognosis of various types of cancer such as sarcoma, lymphoma, adenomas etc., their high recurrence and metastasis rate and low early diagnosis rate have become concern lately. Role of autophagy in cancer progression is being studied since long. Autophagy is cell’s self-degradative mechanism towards stress and has role in degradation of the cytoplasmic macromolecules which has potential to damage other cytosolic molecules. Autophagy can promote as well as inhibit tumorigenesis depending upon the associated protein combinations in cancer cells. Recent studies have shown that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not code for protein but play essential role in modulation of gene expression. At transcriptional level, different ncRNAs like lncRNAs, miRNAs and circRNAs directly or indirectly affect different stages of autophagy like autophagy-dependent and non-apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. This review focuses on the involvement of ncRNAs in autophagy and the modulation of several cancer signal transduction pathways in cancers such as lung, breast, prostate, pancreatic, thyroid, and kidney cancer.

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Abbreviations

Non-coding RNA:

NcRNA

lncRNA:

Long non coding RNA

miRNA:

MicroRNA

circRNA:

Circular RNA

ATG:

Autophagy related gene

ATG16L1:

Autophagy related 16 like 1 protein

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

ULK1:

Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1

FIP200:

Focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200 kDa

PIP3 kinase III:

Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase III

LC3II:

Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3

piRNA:

Piwi interacting RNA

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

snoRNA:

Small nucleolar RNA

ceRNA:

Competing endogenous RNA

TKI:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

NSCLC:

Non-small cell lung cancer

TIGAR:

TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

DDP:

Dipeptidyl peptidase

EPG2:

Ectopic P granules protein 2

MALAT1:

Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1

HuR:

Human antigen R

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

GAS5:

Growth arrest specific 5 gene

BLACAT 1:

Bladder cancer associated transcript 1

MRP1:

Multidrug resistance associated protein 1

TSLNC8:

Tumor-suppressive lncRNA on chromosome 8p12

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia inducible factor 1α

PIK3CB:

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta

SQSTM1:

Sequestosome 1

PRKAA/AMPK:

Protein kinase AMP activated catalytic subunit alpha

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

Wnt:

Wingless-related integration site

BRCA1:

Breast cancer gene 1

PTEN:

Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on chromosome 10

ELK1:

ETS like-1 protien

ELK3:

ETS like-2 protien

SMAD4:

SMAD family member 4

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor beta

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

XIAP:

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein

HMGB1:

High mobility group box 1

PAX6:

Paired box protein 6

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

JNK:

C-Jun N-terminal kinase 1

MAPT-AS1:

MAPT Antisense RNA 1

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2

LAMP1:

Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1

RELN:

Reclin

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2

SMC1A:

Structural maintenance of chromosome protein 1A

TRIP13:

Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 13

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

MAP1LC3B2:

Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2

H2AFY:

H2A histone family, member Y

HnRNP-1:

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1

EGR1:

Early growth response 1 gene

KIF18A:

Kinesin family member 18A

TUG1:

Taurine up-regulated 1

LKB1:

Liver kinase B1

AMPK:

AMP activated protein kinase

TSPAN1:

Tetraspanin 1

FAM83A:

Family member with sequence similarity 83A

eIF5A2:

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2

AGR2:

Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog

STK4:

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 4

FOXA1:

Forkhead box protein A1

CHD6:

Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6

GAS8-AS1:

GAS8-antisense RNA 1

LRRK2:

Leucine rich repeat kinase 2

SLC7A11:

Solute carrier family 7 member 11

FOXP3:

Foxhead box P3

FOXE1:

Foxhead box E1

ITGA3:

Integrin subunit alpha 3

ITPR1:

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1

NOX4:

NADPH oxidase 4

CCNB1:

Cyclin B1

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  1. Surbhi Kumari Barnwal and Hrushikesh Bendale both contributed equally to this work.

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  1. School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India

    Surbhi Kumari Barnwal, Hrushikesh Bendale & Satarupa Banerjee

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Barnwal, S.K., Bendale, H. & Banerjee, S. Non-coding RNAs associated with autophagy and their regulatory role in cancer therapeutics. Mol Biol Rep 49, 7025–7037 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07517-8

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