Abstract
The primary source of the power for marine industry comes from large two-stroke low-speed marine diesel engines. The more severe emission regulations are forcing the ship owners to use more efficient engines. The electronically controlled engines were introduced which comply with the needs. The electronically controlled engine requires more calibration effort and is mostly based on calibration from the testbed with some environmental condition corrections. In this paper, the physical engine model was introduced including AVL multi-zone combustion model and self-developed models for turbocharger, charge air cooler, injector and rail model. Typical engine failures were simulated. The demonstrated engine model was based on six-cylinder large two-stroke low-speed marine diesel engine and verified with the measurements from the engine testbed. The model calibration was done for the pressure traces and available mean value measurement for 40%, 60% and 100% of engine load. The results show 2–7% of relative deviation of the BMEP, 1–2% relative deviation for in-cylinder peak pressure and almost no deviation in scavenged air pressure. The model showed representative engine behavior and was used for studies on engine failure simulation. The presented engine model can be used for optimization and diagnostic purposes.
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Abbreviations
- \(A_{\text{NH}}\) :
-
Area of the nozzle hole (m2)
- \(A_{\text{NS}}\) :
-
Area of needle seat (m2)
- \(A_{\text{i}}\) :
-
Zone surface calculated from the zone volume with assumption of its spherical shape (m2)
- \(a_{\text{p}}\) :
-
Model parameter
- \(A_{\text{trans}}\) :
-
Heat transfer surface (m2)
- \(b_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) :
-
Model parameter
- \(c_{\text{arrh}}\) :
-
Model parameter
- \(c_{\text{D}}\) :
-
Injector nozzle discharge coefficient
- \(C_{\text{Entrain}}\) :
-
Model parameter
- \(C_{\text{eth}}\) :
-
Parameter to control the heat up of the droplet
- \(C_{\text{Evap}}\) :
-
Parameter for controlling the evaporation rate
- \(C_{\text{IgnDel}}\) :
-
Ignition delay parameter
- \(C_{\text{IgnExp}}\) :
-
Ignition delay exponent
- \(c_{\text{p}}\) :
-
Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)
- \(C_{\text{rad}}\) :
-
Model parameter
- \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), \(C_{3}\) :
-
Model parameters
- \(D_{\text{hyd}}\) :
-
Hydraulic diameter (m)
- \(d_{\text{inj}}\) :
-
Injector nozzle diameter (m)
- \(\frac{{{\text{d}}m_{\text{inj}} }}{{{\text{d}}t}}\) :
-
Mass flow through injector
- \(\frac{{{\text{d}}m_{\text{inj}} }}{{{\text{d}}t}}\) :
-
Injected fuel mass flow
- \(\frac{{{\text{d}}m_{\text{pump}} }}{{{\text{d}}t}}\) :
-
Mass flow through pump
- \(\frac{{{\text{d}}x_{\text{fb}} }}{{{\text{d}}t}}\) :
-
The fuel burning rate
- \(E\) :
-
The bulk modulus for the working fluid
- \(f_{\text{ax}}\) :
-
Correction functions to account for axial position in the spray
- \(F_{\text{fr}}\) :
-
Friction force
- \(F_{\text{HT}}\) :
-
Heat transfer multiplier
- \(f_{\text{rad}}\) :
-
Correction functions to account for radial position in the spray
- \(F_{\text{target}}\) :
-
Factor used to evaluate target pressure drop or target efficiency
- \(\dot{H}_{\text{i}}\) :
-
Are heat fluxes
- \(h_{03}\) :
-
Total enthalpy at the turbine inlet (J kg−1)
- \(h_{04}\) :
-
Total enthalpy at the turbine outlet (J kg−1)
- \(h_{1}\) :
-
Enthalpy at the inlet of the compressor (J kg−1)
- \(h_{2}\) :
-
Enthalpy at the outlet of the compressor (J kg−1)
- \(i_{{{\text{ax}},{ \hbox{max} }}}\) :
-
Number of all axial zones
- \(i_{\text{ax}}\) :
-
Index of axial zones
- \(i_{\text{rad}}\) :
-
Radial position of the package in the spray
- \(I_{\text{TC}}\) :
-
Turbocharger wheel inertia
- \(K_{\text{b}}\) :
-
Chemical reaction parameter
- \(L\) :
-
Length (m)
- \(m\) :
-
Solid wall mass
- \(\dot{m}\) :
-
Mass flow rate
- \(\dot{m}_{\text{c}}\) :
-
Mass flow rate in the compressor
- \(\dot{m}_{\text{t}}\) :
-
Mass flow rate in the turbine
- \(m_{\text{i}}\) :
-
Zone mass at t
- \(m_{\text{inj}}\) :
-
Injected package fuel mass
- \(P_{\text{C}}\) :
-
Compressor power consumption (W)
- \(p_{\text{cyl}}\) :
-
Pressure inside cylinder (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{pipe}}\) :
-
Pressure inside pipe (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Saturation pressure
- \(P_{\text{t}}\) :
-
Turbine power (W)
- \(\frac{{p_{02} }}{{p_{01} }}\) :
-
Total-to-total compressor pressure ratio
- \(\frac{{p_{4} }}{{p_{03} }}\) :
-
Turbine expansion ratio, total to static
- \(t\) :
-
Time (s)
- \(T_{\text{ch}}\) :
-
Charge temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{i}}\) :
-
Temperature of zone (K)
- \(T_{\text{inlet}}\) :
-
Inlet fluid temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{IgnDel}}\) :
-
Temperature for ignition delay calculation and it represents mean spray temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{l}}\) :
-
Temperature of liquid (K)
- \(T_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Temperature of the solid (K)
- \(T_{\text{w}}\) :
-
Wall temperature (K)
- \(T_{03}\) :
-
Total turbine inlet temperature (K)
- \(T_{1}\) :
-
Compressor inlet temperature (K)
- \(V_{\text{rail}}\) :
-
Rail volume
- \(\alpha\) :
-
Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)
- \(\alpha_{\text{ht}}\) :
-
Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)
- \(\Delta p\) :
-
Pressure drop (Pa)
- \(\Delta t_{\text{inj}}\) :
-
Number of radial zones
- \(\zeta\) :
-
Friction factor which is a function of the Reynolds number
- \(\zeta_{\text{NH}}\) :
-
Nozzle hole flow coefficient
- \(\zeta_{\text{NS}}\) :
-
Needle seat flow coefficient
- \(\eta_{{{\text{s}},{\text{t}}}}\) :
-
Isentropic turbine efficiency
- \(\eta_{{{\text{s}},{\text{C}}}}\) :
-
Isentropic efficiency of the compressor
- \(\kappa\) :
-
Ratio of the heat capacity at a constant pressure to the heat capacity at constant volume
- \(\lambda_{\text{m}}\) :
-
Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
- \(\nu\) :
-
Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1)
- \(\rho\) :
-
Density (kg m−3)
- \(\rho_{\text{ch}}\) :
-
Charge density (kg m−3)
- \(\rho_{ch}\) :
-
Charge density (kg m−3)
- \(\rho_{\text{fuel}}\) :
-
Density of the fuel (kg m−3)
- \(\rho_{\text{rail}}\) :
-
Density of the fluid inside rail (kg m−3)
- \(\sigma_{\text{fuel}}\) :
-
Surface tension of the fuel
- \(\tau\) :
-
Characteristic ignition delay time
- \(\omega_{\text{TC}}\) :
-
Turbocharger wheel speed
- SMD:
-
Sauter mean diameter
- \({\text{Nu}}\) :
-
Nusselt number
- \({\text{Sh}}\) :
-
Sherwood’s number
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Matulić, N., Radica, G. & Nižetić, S. Engine model for onboard marine engine failure simulation. J Therm Anal Calorim 141, 119–130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09118-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09118-3