Abstract
The current work focuses on using low-strength radiation source and NaI(Tl) detector in liquid density measurement. To do this, the detector collimator is enlarged, which has resulted in the increased multiple scattered events. The scattering spectrum analysis method was applied successfully in removing the multiple scattered component. The obtained single scattering component corresponding to different liquid densities was used to build the linear standard curve which shows the linear dependence between of them with the R2 values of 0.968 and 0.982 for the collimator diameters of 3.0 and 9.5 cm, respectively. Besides, the Monte Carlo method was used in the current work which the obtained results also support for experimental ones.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Priyada P, Margret M, Ramar R, Shivaramu (2012) Intercomparison of gamma ray scattering and transmission techniques for fluid–fluid and fluid–air interface levels detection and density measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 70:462–469
Priyada P, Margret M, Ramar R, Shivaramu, Menaka M, Thilagam L, Venkataraman B, Raj B (2011) Intercomparison of gamma scattering, gammatography, and radiography techniques for mild steel nonuniform corrosion detection. Rev Sci Instrum 82:035115 (1–8)
Clarke RL, Van Dyk G (1973) A new method for measurement of bone mineral content using both transmitted and scattered beams of gamma-rays. Phys Med Biol 18:532–539
Tam HD, Chuong HD, Thanh TT, Nguyen VH, Trang HTK, Tao CV (2015) Advanced gamma spectrum processing technique applied to the analysis of scattering spectra for determining material thickness. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 303:693–699
Silva ILM, Lopes RT, De Jesus EFO (1999) Tube defects inspection technique by using Compton gamma-rays backscattering. Nucl Instrum Methods A 422:957–963
Boldo EM, Appoloni CR (2014) Inspection of reinforced concrete samples by Compton backscattering technique. Radiat Phys Chem 95:392–395
Jama HA, Hussein EMA, Lee-Sullivan P (1998) Detection of debonding in composite-aluminum joints using gamma-ray Compton scattering. NDT & E Int 31:99–103
Kim JY, Choi YS, Park YJ, Song K, Jung SH, Hussein EMA (2011) Thickness measurement of organic films using Compton scattering of characteristic X-rays. Appl Radiat Isot 69:1241–1245
Lopes RT, Valente CM, De Jesus EFO, Camerini CS (1997) Detection of paraffin deposition inside draining tubulation by the Compton scattering technique. Appl Radiat Isot 48:1443–1450
Priyada P, Ramar R, Shivaramu (2012) An improved Compton scattering method for determination of concentration of solutions. Appl Radiat Isot 70:2421–2427
Priyada P, Ramar R, Shivaramu (2014) Determining the water content in concrete by gamma scattering method. Ann Nucl Energy 63:565–570
Fernández JE (1991) Compton and Rayleigh double scattering of unpolarized radiation. Phys Rev A 44:4232–4248
Tondon A, Singh M, Sandhu BS, Singh B (2017) A Compton scattering technique for concentration and fluid-fluid interface measurements using NaI(Tl) detector. Nucl Instrum Methods B 403:21–27
Sharaf M (2001) Practical aspects of Compton scatter densitometry. Appl Radiat Isot 54:801–809
X-5 Monte Carlo team (2005) A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code Version 5, Volume II, User guide. Los Alamos national Laboratory, LA–CP–03–0245
Amgarou K, Domingo C, Bouassoule T, Fernández F (2009) Monte Carlo simulation of the NaI(Tl) detector response to measure gold activated foils. Nucl Instrum Methods B 267:2944–2951
Kovaltchouk V, Machrafi R (2011) Monte Carlo simulations of response functions for gas filled and scintillator detectors with MCNPX code. Ann Nucl Energy 38:788–793
Baccouche S, Al-Azmi D, Karunakara N, Trabelsi A (2012) Application of the Monte Carlo method for the efficiency calibration of CsI and NaI detectors for gamma-ray measurements from terrestrial samples. Appl Radiat Isot 70:227–232
Nguyen VH, Tam HD, Tran LB, Thanh TT, Le HT, Quan LDM, Chuong HD, Ngan TNT, Tao CV (2015) A semi-empirical method for measuring thickness of pipe-wall using gamma scattering technique. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 308:1011–1016
Shi HX, Chen BX, Li TZ, Yun D (2002) Precise Monte Carlo simulation of gamma-ray response functions for an NaI(Tl) detector. Appl Radiat Isot 57:517–524
Knoll GF (2010) Radiation Detection and Measurement. Wiley, New York
Lépy MC (2004) Presentation of the COLEGRAM software. Note technique Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel/04/26
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training under Grant Number “B2017-SPS-15”. Many thanks to Nguyen Ngoc Hung and Nguyen Thanh Loc for their helps. The authors would also like to thank Ho Chi Minh City University of Education and VNUHCM-University of Science for supporting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tam, H.D., Le, N.T.M. An improved method for liquid density measurement using NaI(Tl) detector and low-strength source. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 317, 161–168 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-5878-1
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-5878-1