Abstract
The ability to develop and maintain healthy romantic relationships is a key developmental task in young adulthood. The present study investigated how adolescent interpersonal skills (assertiveness, positive engagement) and family processes (family climate, parenting practices) influence the development of young adult romantic relationship functioning. We evaluated cross-lag structural equation models with a sample of 974 early adolescents living in rural and semi-rural communities in Pennsylvania and Iowa, starting in sixth grade (mean age = 12.4, 62.1% female) and followed into young adulthood (mean age = 19.5). Findings revealed that adolescents who had experienced a more positive family climate and more competent parenting reported more effective problem-solving skills and less violent behavior in their young adult romantic relationships. Adolescent assertiveness was consistently positively associated with relationship problem-solving skills, and adolescents’ positive engagement with their family was associated with feeling more love in young adult romantic relationships. In addition, family functioning and adolescent interpersonal skills exhibited some reciprocal relations over the adolescent years. In summary, family processes and interpersonal skills are mutually influenced by each other across adolescence, and both have unique predictive implications to specific facets of young adult romantic relationship functioning.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acevedo, B. P., SpringerAmpamp; Aron, A. (2009). Does a long-term relationship kill romantic love? Review of General Psychology, 13, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014226.
Ackard, D. M., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Long-term impact of adolescent dating violence on the behavioral and psychological health of male and female youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 151, 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.034.
Ackerman, R. A., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2011). Positive engagement behaviors in observed family interactions: a social relations perspective. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025288.
Ackerman, R. A., Kashy, D. A., Donnellan, M. B., Neppl, T., Lorenz, F. O., & Conger, R. D. (2013). The interpersonal legacy of a positive family climate in adolescence. Psychological Science, 24, 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447818.
Adachi, P., & Willoughby, T. (2015). Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: implications for psychological science. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2014.963549.
Adamczyk, K., & Segrin, C. (2016). The mediating role of romantic desolation and dating anxiety in the association between interpersonal competence and life satisfaction among polish young adults. Journal of Adult Development, 23, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-015-9216-3.
Assad, K. K., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Optimism: an enduring resource for romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.285.
Auslander, B. A., Short, M. B., Succop, P. A., & Rosenthal, S. L. (2009). Associations between parenting behaviors and adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.12.014.
Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2008). Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.003.
Bradbury, T. N., Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: a decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 964–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00964.x.
Braiker, H., & Kelley, H. H. (1979). Conflict in the development of close relationships. In R. L. Burgess & T. L. Huston (Eds.), Social exchange in developing relationships (pp. 135–168). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Bryant, C. M., & Conger, R. D. (2002). An intergenerational model of romantic relationship development. An intergenerational model of romantic relationship development. In A. L.Vangelisti, H. T. Reis, M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Stability and change in relationships (pp. 57–82). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359, 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8.
Carroll, J. S., Badger, S., & Yang, C. (2006). The ability to negotiate or the ability to love? Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1001–1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06287248.
Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & Catherine, M.-C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9, 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902.
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7.
Connolly, J. A., & Johnson, A. M. (1996). Adolescents’ romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their close interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships, 3, 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00111.x.
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01259.
Crouter, A. C., & Booth, A. (Eds.). (2003). Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cui, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). The differential effects of parental divorce and marital conflict on young adult romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17, 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01279.x.
Darling, N., Cohan, C. L., Burns, A., & Thompson, L. (2008). Within-family conflict behaviors as predictors of conflict in adolescent romantic relations. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 671–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.003.
Davila, J., Steinberg, S. J., Miller, M. R., Stroud, C. B., Starr, L. R., & Yoneda, A. (2009). Assessing romantic competence in adolescence: the Romantic Competence Interview. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.001.
Diamond, L. M. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review, 110, 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.173.
Dillow, M. R., Goodboy, A. K., & Bolkan, S. (2014). Attachment and the expression of affection in romantic relationships: the mediating role of romantic love. Communication Reports, 27, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2014.900096.
Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 503–541). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc5&NEWS=N&AN=2006-03609-013.
Donnellan, M. B., Larsen-Rife, D., & Conger, R. D. (2005). Personality, family history, and competence in early adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 562–576. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.562.
Dush, C. M. K., & Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056438.
Eğeci, İ. S., & Gençöz, T. (2006). Factors associated with relationship satisfaction: Importance of communication skills. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28, 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-006-9010-2.
Eskin, M. (2003). Self-reported assertiveness in Swedish and Turkish adolescents: a cross-cultural comparison. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.t01-1-00315.
Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: a framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.371.
Feldman, C. M., & Ridley, C. A. (2000). The role of conflict-based communication responses and outcomes in male domestic violence toward female partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 552–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500174005.
Fincham, F. D., & Cui, M. (Eds.). (2011). Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Fischer, J. L., Fitzpatrick, J., & Cleveland, H. H. (2007). Linking family functioning to dating relationship quality via novelty-seeking and harm-avoidance personality pathways. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 575–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507079257.
Fosco, G. M., Lippold, M., & Feinberg, M. E. (2014). Interparental boundary problems, parent–adolescent hostility, and adolescent–parent hostility: a family process model for adolescent aggression problems. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3, 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000025.
Fosco, G. M., Van Ryzin, M. J., Xia, M., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). Trajectories of adolescent hostile-aggressive behavior and family climate: longitudinal implications for young adult romantic relationship competence. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1139–1150. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000135.
Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2015). Do early caregiving experiences leave an enduring or transient mark on developmental adaptation? Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.007.
Gambrill, E. D., & Richey, C. A. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(75)80013-X.
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002). Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Family Process, 41, 159–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1545-5300.2002.41203.X.
Hinnen, C., Hagedoorn, M., Ranchor, A. V., & Sanderman, R. (2008). Relationship satisfaction in women: a longitudinal case-control study about the role of breast cancer, personal assertiveness, and partners’ relationship-focused coping. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 737–754. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910707X252431.
Holman, T. B., & Busby, D. M. (2011). Family-of-origin, differentiation of self and partner, and adult romantic relationship quality. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2010.539171.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Hunter, H.L. (2009). Family factors and risk behavior in adolescent dating relationships: hetersocial competence as a mediator between interparental conflict and dating violence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation Publishing (3378930).
Johnson, M. P., & Ferraro, K. J. (2000). Research on domestic violence in the 1990s: making distinctions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 948–963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00948.x.
Kinsfogel, K. M., & Grych, J. H. (2004). Interparental conflict and adolescent dating relationships: integrating cognitive, emotional, and peer influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.505.
Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., Bush, A. L., & Cook, A. (2008). Relationship-contingent self-esteem and the ups and downs of romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 608–627. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.608.
Larson, J. H., Taggart-Reedy, M., & Wilson, S. M. (2001). The effects of perceived dysfunctional family-of-origin rules on the dating relationships of young adults. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23, 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013009213860.
Lazarus, A. A. (1973). On effective assertive behavior: a brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4, 697–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(75)80152-3.
Le, B., Dove, N. L., Agnew, C. R., Korn, M. S., & Mutso, A. A. (2010). Predicting nonmarital romantic relationship dissolution: a meta-analytic synthesis. Personal Relationships, 17, 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.x.
Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., & Yeung, R. (2008). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: the influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9269-0.
Leidy, M. S., Guerra, N. G., & Toro, R. I. (2010). Positive parenting, family cohesion, and child social competence among immigrant Latino families. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019407.
Lichter, E. L., & McCloskey, L. A. (2004). The effects of childhood exposure to marital violence on adolescent gender-role beliefs and dating violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00151.x.
Linder, J. R., Crick, N. R., & Collins, W. A. (2002). Relational aggression and victimization in young adults’ romantic relationships: associations with perceptions of parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Social Development, 11, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00187.
Liu, M., & Guo, F. (2010). Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00795.x.
Markman, H. J., Renick, M. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S. M., & Clements, M. (1993). Preventing marital distress through communication and conflict management training: a 4- and 5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.61.1.70.
Masarik, A. S., Conger, R. D., Martin, M. J., Donnellan, M. B., Masyn, K. E., & Lorenz, F. O. (2013). Romantic relationships in early adulthood: Influences of family, personality, and relationship cognitions. Personal Relationships, 20, 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01416.x.
McLean, K. C., Breen, A. V., & Fournier, M. A. (2010). Constructing the self in early, middle, and late adolescent boys: narrative identity, individuation, and well‐being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 166–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00633.x.
Mikulincer, M. & Goodman, G. S. (Eds.) (2006). Dynamics of romantic love: attachment, caregiving, and sex. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Moos, R. H. (1990). Conceptual and empirical approaches to developing family-based assessment procedures: resolving the case of the Family Environment Scale. Family Process, 29, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1990.00199.x.
Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Morey, J. N., Gentzler, A. L., Creasy, B., Oberhauser, A. M., & Westerman, D. (2013). Young adults’ use of communication technology within their romantic relationships and associations with attachment style. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.019.
Muise, A., Giang, E., & Impett, E. A. (2014). Post sex affectionate exchanges promote sexual and relationship satisfaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1391–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0305-3.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2013). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables. User’s guide (Version 7.11). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Parade, S. H., Supple, A. J., & Helms, H. M. (2012). Parenting during childhood predicts relationship satisfaction in young adulthood: a prospective longitudinal perspective. Marriage and Family Review, 48, 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2011.629078.
Pauley, P. M., Hesse, C., & Mikkelson, A. C. (2014). Trait affection predicts married couples’ use of relational maintenance behaviors. Journal of Family Communication, 14, 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.864292.
Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2015). The enduring predictive significance of early maternal sensitivity: social and academic competence through age 32 years. Child Development, 86, 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12325.
Robin, A. L., & Foster, S. L. (2002). Negotiating parent-adolescent conflict: A behavioral-family systems approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x.
Sameroff, A. J. (2009). The transactional model. In A. J. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 3–21). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://psycnet.apa.org/books/11877/001.
Seiffge-Krenke, I., Overbeek, G., & Vermulst, A. (2010). Parent-child relationship trajectories during adolescence: longitudinal associations with romantic outcomes in emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.001.
Selig, J. P., & Little, T. D. (2012). Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. In B. Laursen, T. D. Little & N. A. Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (pp. 265–278). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2013). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812467330.
Simons, L. G., Burt, C. H., & Simons, R. L. (2008). A test of explanations for the effect of harsh parenting on the perpetration of dating violence and sexual coercion among college males. Violence and Victims, 23, 66–82. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.66.
Simpson Rowe, L., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Platt, C. G., & Gomez, G. S. (2012). Enhancing women’s resistance to sexual coercion: a randomized controlled trial of the DATE program. Journal of American College Health, 60, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.587068.
Spoth, R. L., Greenberg, M., Bierman, K., & Redmond, C. (2004). PROSPER community-university partnership model for public education systems: capacity-building for evidence-based, competence-building prevention. Prevention Science, 5, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1023/B.
Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent-variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: extending a public health-oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.385.
Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407591082004.
Stanley, S. M., Markman, H. J., & Whitton, S. W. (2002). Communication, conflict, and commitment: insights on the foundations of relationship success from a national survey. Family Process, 41, 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.00659.x.
Stanley, S. M., Rhoades, G. K., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Understanding romantic relationships among emerging adults: The significant roles of cohabitation and ambiguity. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 234–251). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and Family, 41, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/351733.
Strazdins, L., & Broom, D. H. (2004). Acts of Love (and Work): gender imbalance in emotional work and women’s psychological distress. Journal of Family Issues, 25, 356–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03257413.
Sullivan, K. T., Pasch, L. A., Johnson, M. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (2010). Social support, problem solving, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017578.
Surjadi, F. F., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2013). Harsh, inconsistent parental discipline and romantic relationships: mediating processes of behavioral problems and ambivalence. Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 762–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034114.
Swinford, S. P., DeMaris, A., Cernkovich, S. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2000). Harsh physical discipline in childhood and violence in later romantic involvements: The mediating role of problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 508–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00508.x.
Topham, G., Larson, J. H., & Holman, T. B. (2005). Family-of-origin predictors of hostile conflict in early marriage. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27, 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-004-1973-2.
Tyrell, F. A., Wheeler, L. A., Gonzales, N. A., Dumka, L., & Millsap, R. (2016). Family influences on Mexican American adolescents’ romantic relationships: moderation by gender and culture. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26, 142–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12177.
Van Ryzin, M. J., Roseth, C. J., Fosco, G. M., Lee, Ykyung, & Chen, I. C. (2016). A component-centered meta-analysis of family-based prevention programs for adolescent substance use. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.007.
Visvanathan, P. (2009). Peer and maternal relationship predictors of adolescent romantic conflict resolution (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation Publishing (3387574)
Whitton, S. W., Waldinger, R. J., Schulz, M. S., Allen, J. P., Crowell, J. A., & Hauser, S. T. (2008). Prospective associations from family-of-origin interactions to adult marital interactions and relationship adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.274.
Widaman, K. (2006). Missing data: what to do with or without them. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 71, 42–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.00404.x.
Wigfield, A., Byrnes, J. P., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Development during early and middle adolescence. In P. A. Alexander & P. H. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology. 2nd edition (pp. 87–113). New York, NY: Routledge.
Williams, K., & Umberson, D. (2004). Marital status, marital transitions, and health: a gendered life course perspective. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500106.
Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Scott, K., Straatman, A.-L., Grasley, C., & Reitzel-Jaffe, D. (2003). Dating violence prevention with at-risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.279.
Xia, M., Fosco, G. M., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). Examining reciprocal influences among family climate, school attachment, and academic self-regulation: implications for school success. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000141.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA R01 013709) and (T32DA017629), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD R01 092439), and the Karl R. and Diane Wendle Fink Early Career Professorship for the Study of Families (GMF). We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the participating youth and families, and the PROSPER staff, to the success of this project.
Authors’ Contributions
M.X. conceived of the study, performed the statistical analysis, interpretation of the data, and drafted the manuscript; G.M.F. helped to conceive of the study and interpret the data, participated in the coordination of the study, and assisted in writing the manuscript; M.A.L. assisted in writing the manuscript; M.E.F. designed the original data collection, supervised data collection, and provided feedback on manuscript drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA R01 013709 and T32DA017629) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD R01 092439).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
The study procedures were approved by PSU Institutional Review Board # PRAMS00038100.
Informed Consent
All youths and families were informed about and consented to participate in this project.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xia, M., Fosco, G.M., Lippold, M.A. et al. A Developmental Perspective on Young Adult Romantic Relationships: Examining Family and Individual Factors in Adolescence. J Youth Adolescence 47, 1499–1516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0815-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0815-8