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Longitudinal Associations Between Parental Monitoring Discrepancy and Delinquency: An Application of the Latent Congruency Model

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Studies have shown that discrepancies (relative concordance or discordance) between parent and adolescent ratings are predictive of problem behaviors; monitoring, in particular, has been consistently linked to them. The current study tested whether discrepancies in perceptions of maternal monitoring, rated by mothers and youth at age 12, foretold delinquency (rule breaking) at age 15, and whether parental closeness and conflict predicted higher discrepancies, and indirectly, higher delinquency. The final study sample used the NICHD longitudinal dataset with N = 966 youth (50.1 % female) and their mothers (80.1 % European American, 12.9 % African American, 7 % other ethnicity). The analytic approach consisted of an extension and application of the Latent Congruency Model (LCM) to estimate monitoring discrepancies as well as age 15 delinquency scores. Findings showed that age 12 monitoring discrepancy was predictive of age 15 delinquency for both boys and girls based on youth reports, but not for maternal reports. Age 11 closeness predicted age 12 monitoring discrepancy, which served as a mediator for its effect on age 15 adolescent-reported delinquency. Thus, based on the rigorous LCM analytic approach which seeks to minimize the effects by competing explanations and to maximize precision in providing robust estimates, rates of perceived discordance in parenting behaviors during early adolescence matter in understanding variability in adolescent delinquency during middle adolescence.

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Notes

  1. The model itself is designed to assess congruency between reporters or, their level of agreement. Since the focus of the current study is on discrepancy, which is inversely related to congruency, the findings are interpreted in line with this view.

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Acknowledgments

The original NICHD SECCYD study was funded by United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01 HD019897). This work was supported, in part, by the John I. and Patricia J. Buster Endowment to the second author.

Authors’ Contribution

AK conceived of the study, participated in its design, completed statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript; AV conceived of the study, participated in its design, and drafted the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Sciences, University of Kentucky, 316 Funkhouser Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA

    Albert J. Ksinan & Alexander T. Vazsonyi

Authors
  1. Albert J. Ksinan
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  2. Alexander T. Vazsonyi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander T. Vazsonyi.

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Conflicts of interest

The authors report no conflict of interests.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Appendix

Appendix

Keeping Tabs Measure: Mother’s Version

How much do you know about…

Don’t know at all (1) Know a little bit (2) Know a lot (3) Know everything (4)

  1. 1.

    Who your child spends time with?

  2. 2.

    How your child spends his/her free time?

  3. 3.

    How your child spends his/her money?

  4. 4.

    Where your child goes right after school?

  5. 5.

    Where your child goes throughout the day on the weekend?

  6. 6.

    Problems your child is having at school?

Never (1) Sometimes (2) Often (3) Always (4)

  1. 7.

    Do you tell your child what time he/she has to be home on school nights?

  2. 8.

    Do you tell your child what time he/she has to be home on weekend nights?

  3. 9.

    If your child didn’t come home by the set time, would you know?

  4. 10.

    If you aren’t home and your child leaves the house, does your child leave a note or call to say where he/she is going?

  5. 11.

    When you aren’t at home, does your child know how to get in touch with you?

Note. Italicized items were selected for the analyses.

Keeping Tabs Measure: Child’s Version

How much does a parent or another adult in your home know about…

Doesn’t now at all (1) Knows a little bit (2) Knows a lot (3) Knows everything (4)

  1. 1.

    Who you spend time with?

  2. 2.

    How you spend his/her free time?

  3. 3.

    How you spend his/her money?

  4. 4.

    Where you go right after school?

  5. 5.

    Where you go throughout the day on the weekend?

  6. 6.

    Problems you are having at school?

Never (1) Sometimes (2) Often (3) Always (4)

  1. 7.

    When you leave your home to go somewhere, do you tell a parent or other adult where you are going?

  2. 8.

    If a parent or other adult isn’t home and you leave the house, do you leave a note or call to say where you are going?

  3. 9.

    When you are home without a parent or other adult, do you know how to get in touch with them?

Note. Italicized items were selected for the analyses.

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Ksinan, A.J., Vazsonyi, A.T. Longitudinal Associations Between Parental Monitoring Discrepancy and Delinquency: An Application of the Latent Congruency Model. J Youth Adolescence 45, 2369–2386 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0512-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0512-4

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