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Negotiating Religious Beliefs in a Medical Setting

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Abstract

This manuscript studies in detail, following a discourse analytical approach, medical consultations in which a patient’s religious belief does not allow blood transfusion to be administered. The patient is a young Jehovah's Witness suffering myeloid leukaemia who is being treated in a Catholic cancer hospital where the practice of blood transfusion forms part of the standard protocol to treat the disease. The consultations under analysis take place in a Chilean cancer clinic where mainly the oncologist and a Jehovah’s Witness Representative (JWR) present discuss and negotiate expert information on the substitute methods to be used. The exchange dynamics of the consultations differ from the usual visits where the medical knowledge and expertise is primarily in the hands of the medical practitioner. In these encounters, the JWR shares vital information with the oncologist providing the basis of the treatment to be used. This shifting of the balance of power—which could have been a cause of tension in the visit and a contributing factor in the disruption of communication—has instead brought light to the encounter where the negotiated treatment has been achieved with relative ease. The patient’s future is in the hands of the oncologist and the JWR, and their successful negotiation of treatment has made it possible to cater for the particular needs of a JW patient. Sharing different medical practices has not been an obstacle, but an opportunity to find out ways to deliver equity access and well-informed practices to a non-conventional patient.

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Acknowledgments

The data collection for this project was made possible with the financial support of the Monash Small Grant Scheme. My special thanks go to Dr Pablo Bertín who unreservedly supported this project. His insights into oncology in Chile and elsewhere were pivotal to the realisation of this project.

I would like also to thank every colleague, at the clinic, who assisted me during the data collection. Last but not least, I take this opportunity to sincerely thank every one of the patients who gave their consent to be part of this study. The patients shared with me profound and intimate stories about their ordeal with the disease and the impact it had on their families, friends and their daily lives.

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Correspondence to Marisa Cordella.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Example 1 (MO = male oncologist)

12

MO

hacemos las quimioterapias eh que son tratamientos muy estándar en

 

13

 

todo el mundo para este tipo de tratamiento prácticamente

14

 

en todos lados es idéntico pero la gran mayoría de los

 

15

 

pacientes requieren transfusiones primero de plaquetas y

 

16

 

después de glóbulos rojos

 

  
 

19

 

pero me interesa que quede absolutamente claro eh

20

 

generalmente nosotros transfundimos a los pacientes/antes

21

 

de que tengan un problema

Example 2 (MO = male oncologist)

17

MO

eh firmado el compromiso de no transfundirlo con el

 

18

 

cual yo estoy de acuerdo

Example 3 (MO = male oncologist)

22

MO

… a uno le hace tener muy poca experiencia en casos en que

23

 

no se usa en transfusiones

Example 4 (MO = male oncologist)

31

MO

… me interesa tener claro que cosas si vamos a poder

 

32

 

usar que eventualmente nos puedan ayudar

33

 

hm yo sabía que tú ibas a buscar información

Example 5 (MO = male oncologist, JWR = Jehovah’s Witness Representative)

36

JWR

= hay varios artículos médicos que muestran el manejo

37

 

de anemia aguda anemia o leucemia <?> leucemia

38

 

aguda en Testigos de Jehová e incluso hay unos que también

 

39

 

sugieren la ((medicina A)) también como [((medicina A))]

 

40

MO

[Sí no] indudablemente <?quenel> vamos a usar ah en

41

 

el vamos a usar el ((medicina A)) que es un <?trans?>

 

42

 

yo creo que si ustedes eh pueden aportar podemos usar

 

43

 

además la ((medicina A)) que nos va a ayudar en la

 

44

 

recuperación de los glóbulos rojos

 

45

 

y yo utilizaría también factores de crecimiento de

 

46

 

los <granulocitos> para que el periodo de neutropenia

 

47

 

eh fuera más corto.

 

  

88

 

Bueno puedo decirte que todas las revistas son revistas que

89

 

conocemos ampliamente conocidas en todas partes hmm

  1. The name of the medicine has not been revealed in the transcript to respect the institution’s medical practice

Example 6 (MO = male oncologist, JWR = Jehovah’s Witness Representative)

56

MO

… pero me interesa escucharlos más a ustedes

 

57

JWR

en esos artículos también que vienen incluido que habla de la (medicina C)

 

58

MO

[claro] que ayuda a la coagulación

 

59

 

[ya]

60

 

Nosotros utilizamos la (medicina C) pero exclusivamente en pacientes

 

61

 

que tienen una enfermedad de la coagulación que es la la enfermedad

 

62

 

de von Willebrand?

 

 

((explicación de la enfermedad de von Willebrand))

 

70

JWR

<?decía> que evolucionaba <?> se usaba que para para ayudar <?>

 

71

 

independientemente de que tiene o no von Willebrand ha sido usado

 

72

 

en <?su prueba> diaria como resultado y en Chile eh no ha sido muy usada este

 

73

 

este método para=

74

 

=Vamos a analizarlo [] vamos a analizarlo=

 

75

 

[Cierto]

Example 7 (JWR = Jehovah’s Witness Representative)

150

JWR:

esperamos la información de Estados Unidos que yo creo nos puede

 

151

 

llegar el lunes

Example 8 (JWR = Jehovah’s Witness Representative)

132

JWR:

yo le pregunté a un oncólogo en Argentina y se ha usado pero

 

133

 

tampoco ha tenido tan buenos resultados …

Example 9 (JWR = Jehovah’s Witness Representative)

64

JWR:

lo traen lo tienen en Panamá entonces el hematólogo de Brazil que

65

 

está a cargo de la.. eh de Argentina y Chile entiendo

66

 

especialmente Chile estaría muy dispuesto a conversar con Ud con Uds

 

67

 

para ver como pueden aplicarlo [eh <?>]

 

68

MO:

[Ya ya de acuerdo]

Example 10 (MO = male oncologist)

92

MO

… a mí me interesa que tengamos claros todos la estrategia como te

93

 

digo yo estoy cien por ciento de acuerdo con ustedes que él no va a

94

 

recibir transfusión pero por esa misma razón tenemos

95

 

que tener la estrategia muy muy clara y saber que cosas se van

96

 

a hacer y que cosas no se van a hacer yo estoy de acuerdo

97

 

en hacer todo lo que sea posible para ehm para evitarle

98

 

cualquier necesidad de transfusión …

Example 11 (MO = male oncologist)

149

 

es mejor que nada …

 

  

153

 

pudieran significar tener un periodo más corto de recuentos tan bajos

154

 

de glóbulos rojos glóbulos blancos y plaquetas

Example 12 (MO = male oncologist, JWR = Jehova’s Witness Representative)

 

109

MO

[Nosotros] hasta el momento le hemos medido [] y eso es normal podemos

 

110

JWR

[ya]

111

MO

con el fin de ver si él requiere eso medirle en forma más seguida

112

 

que no es algo que hagamos habitualmente

Example 13 (MO = male oncologist, JWR = Jehova’s Witness Representative)

 

204

JWR

… eh [<?>]

205

MO

a [mí] me interesa fundamentalmente que el contacto sea fluído

Example 14 (MO = male oncologist, JWR = Jehova’s Witness Representative)

195

JWR

estamos muy agradecidos de la <?> nosotros [ah] nosotros estamos tenemos

 

196

MO

[muy bien]

197

JWR

contacto <?> [<?>] y han sido muy amable muy muy realmente <?> el paciente

 

198

MO

[sí no sí sé]

199

JWR

<?> con mucho respeto y eso nosotros <?> eh [<?>]

 

  

210

JWR

y y eso va a sensibilizar también a otros médicos al respeto

Appendix 2

Transcript symbols

Unit

  
 

Truncated syllable (first)

,

 

Truncated syllable (middle and final)

-

Speakers

  
 

Speaker identity/turn start

:

 

Overlapping talk begins

[

 

Overlapping talk ends

]

 

Latching

=

No silence left between first speaker and second speaker’s turn

Tone

  
 

Low falling tone

\

 

Rising tone

/

Pause/silence

  
 

Silence timed in seconds

(1)

 

Pause of less than half a second

(.)

 

Pause longer than half a second

(..)

Vocal noises

  
 

Inhalation

(H)

 

Exhalation

(Hx)

Quality voice

  
 

Emphasis

EMPHASIS

Perceived change based on volume or pitch change

 

Lower in volume than the rest of the talk

* *

 

Laugh quality

<@@>

Lengthening

  
 

Vowel/consonant elongation

:::

Transcribers’ perspective

  
 

Researcher’s comment

(())

 

Uncertain hearing

<X X>

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Cordella, M. Negotiating Religious Beliefs in a Medical Setting. J Relig Health 51, 837–853 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9393-0

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