Table 7 Logistic regression models estimating propensity of paternal incarceration
From: Chains of Adversity: The Time-Varying Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Adolescent Behavior
| Any paternal incarceration | Paternal incarceration in early childhood | Paternal incarceration in middle childhood | Paternal incarceration in adolescence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (reference = White [non-Hispanic]) | ||||||||||||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 0.047 | (.137) | 0.173 | (.154) | 0.201 | (.264) | − 0.650 | (.282) | * | |||
| Hispanic | − 0.049 | (.146) | 0.005 | (.165) | 0.146 | (.277) | − 0.163 | (.283) | ||||
| Other race (non-Hispanic) | 0.117 | (.279) | 0.080 | (.313) | 0.456 | (.517) | − 0.586 | (.603) | ||||
| Mother and father a mixed race couple | 0.376 | (.125) | ** | 0.390 | (.136) | ** | 0.005 | (.247) | * | 0.322 | (.250) | |
| Mother foreign-born | − 0.738 | (.213) | ** | − 0.850 | (.250) | ^ | − 1.181 | (.463) | − 0.403 | (.424) | ||
| Father foreign-born | − 0.253 | (.199) | − 0.498 | (.245) | * | 0.079 | (.383) | * | 0.170 | (.398) | ||
| Mother age at first birth | − 0.039 | (.011) | ** | − 0.040 | (.013) | ** | − 0.042 | (.021) | − 0.014 | (.023) | ||
| Mother lived with biological parents at age 15 | − 0.153 | (.092) | ^ | − 0.091 | (.101) | − 0.226 | (.177) | − 0.024 | (.194) | |||
| Father lived with biological parents at age 15 | − 0.327 | (.102) | ** | − 0.283 | (.115) | * | − 0.268 | (.191) | − 0.315 | (.213) | ||
| Mother cognitive skills | 0.011 | (.018) | − 0.002 | (.020) | 0.122 | (.034) | 0.042 | (.039) | ||||
| Father cognitive skills | − 0.020 | (.019) | − 0.040 | (.021) | ^ | 0.018 | (.039) | − 0.023 | (.042) | |||
| Mother impulsive behaviors | 0.253 | (.093) | ** | 0.188 | (.100) | ^ | 0.128 | (.176) | 0.062 | (.211) | ||
| Father impulsive behaviors | 0.168 | (.096) | ^ | 0.213 | (.099) | * | 0.036 | (.145) | 0.072 | (.169) | ||
| Father prior incarceration | 0.517 | (.092) | *** | 0.336 | (.100) | ** | − 0.263 | (.178) | 1.215 | (.189) | *** | |
| Child is boy | 0.033 | (.082) | 0.138 | (.090) | − 0.057 | (.155) | − 0.146 | (.175) | ||||
| Child born low birth weight | 0.064 | (.142) | − 0.182 | (.156) | 0.425 | (.229) | ^ | 0.102 | (.305) | |||
| Child temperament | 0.028 | (.058) | 0.027 | (.063) | 0.083 | (.104) | − 0.041 | (.119) | ||||
| Mother relationship status (reference = married) | ||||||||||||
| Cohabiting | 0.238 | (.131) | ^ | 0.391 | (.156) | * | 0.377 | (.257) | 0.637 | (.321) | * | |
| Non-residential romantic relationship | 0.577 | (.173) | ** | 0.838 | (.192) | *** | 0.011 | (.461) | 0.704 | (.608) | ||
| Separated | 0.255 | (.177) | 0.514 | (.202) | * | 0.431 | (.314) | 0.451 | (.402) | |||
| Mother new partner | − 0.154 | (.149) | − 0.106 | (.158) | − 0.340 | (.231) | − 0.411 | (.243) | ^ | |||
| Father new partner | − 0.414 | (.163) | * | − 0.430 | (.180) | * | 0.128 | (.273) | − 0.849 | (.608) | ||
| Mother relationship quality | − 0.145 | (.053) | ** | − 0.166 | (.055) | *** | − 0.038 | (.094) | − 0.270 | (.121) | * | |
| Father relationship quality | 0.021 | (.051) | 0.016 | (.053) | − 0.026 | (.089) | 0.087 | (.099) | ||||
| Mother number of children in household | − 0.026 | (.034) | − 0.022 | (.037) | − 0.048 | (.063) | 0.197 | (.070) | ** | |||
| Mother parent in household | 0.275 | (.111) | * | 0.137 | (.121) | 0.452 | (.242) | ^ | 0.210 | (.299) | ||
| Mother reports domestic violence | 0.301 | (.197) | 0.218 | (.202) | 0.618 | (.409) | − 0.362 | (.676) | ||||
| Mother education (reference = less than high school) | ||||||||||||
| High school diploma or GED | − 0.015 | (.111) | 0.043 | (.120) | − 0.269 | (.221) | 0.202 | (.274) | ||||
| Post-secondary education | − 0.177 | (.122) | 0.068 | (.132) | − 0.378 | (.216) | ^ | 0.145 | (.247) | |||
| Father education (reference = less than high school) | ||||||||||||
| High school diploma or GED | − 0.336 | (.106) | ** | − 0.335 | (.133) | ** | − 0.039 | (.200) | − 0.270 | (.228) | ||
| Post-secondary education | − 0.676 | (.126) | *** | − 0.567 | (.140) | *** | − 0.585 | (.230) | * | − 0.745 | (.251) | ** |
| Mother employment | 0.078 | (.092) | − 0.043 | (.100) | 0.232 | (.175) | − 0.165 | (.213) | ||||
| Father employment | − 0.465 | (.124) | *** | − 0.607 | (.140) | *** | − 0.275 | (.225) | − 0.239 | (.241) | ||
| Mother in poverty | 0.075 | (.102) | 0.028 | (.111) | 0.262 | (.193) | 0.063 | (.237) | ||||
| Father in poverty | 0.444 | (.106) | *** | 0.482 | (.113) | *** | 0.063 | (.242) | − 0.171 | (.262) | ||
| Mother material hardship | 0.060 | (.044) | 0.009 | (.046) | * | 0.059 | (.041) | 0.082 | (.066) | |||
| Father material hardship | 0.022 | (.046) | 0.098 | (.047) | 0.097 | (.050) | ^ | 0.094 | (.063) | |||
| Mother parenting stress | − 0.105 | (.073) | − 0.051 | (.074) | − 0.016 | (.128) | − 0.047 | (.142) | ||||
| Father parenting stress | − 0.011 | (.075) | 0.023 | (.087) | − 0.030 | (.158) | 0.027 | (.153) | ||||
| Mother engagement | 0.034 | (.032) | 0.057 | (.034) | ^ | 0.042 | (.072) | 0.037 | (.164) | |||
| Father engagement | − 0.042 | (.028) | − 0.054 | (.029) | ^ | 0.075 | (.059) | 0.165 | (.122) | |||
| Mother shared responsibility in parenting | − 0.056 | (.073) | ** | − 0.060 | (.075) | 0.047 | (.139) | − 0.115 | (.175) | |||
| Mother cooperation in parenting | 0.239 | (.079) | 0.197 | (.084) | * | 0.189 | (.139) | 0.220 | (.141) | |||
| Mother depression | 0.007 | (.123) | − 0.004 | (.132) | 0.058 | (.234) | − 0.140 | (.254) | ||||
| Father depression | 0.035 | (.149) | − 0.045 | (.169) | − 0.181 | (.324) | − 0.208 | (.301) | ||||
| Mother overall health | 0.041 | (.043) | 0.038 | (.047) | − 0.084 | (.082) | 0.084 | (.098) | ||||
| Father overall health | 0.108 | (.048) | * | 0.102 | (.051) | * | 0.159 | (.099) | − 0.011 | (.102) | ||
| Mother illicit drug use | − 0.163 | (.280) | 0.047 | (.289) | − 0.164 | (.420) | 0.001 | (.369) | ||||
| Father illicit drug use | 0.244 | (.164) | 0.174 | (.181) | 0.274 | (.303) | − 0.048 | (.317) | ||||
| Mother binge drinking | 0.396 | (.158) | * | 0.395 | (.167) | * | 0.299 | (.292) | 0.247 | (.312) | ||
| Father binge drinking | 0.092 | (.112) | − 0.147 | (.120) | − 0.172 | (.236) | 0.060 | (.218) | ||||
| Mother perceived social support | − 0.016 | (.027) | − 0.031 | (.029) | 0.029 | (.049) | 0.010 | (.060) | ||||
| Father perceived social support | − 0.016 | (.029) | 0.001 | (.030) | 0.067 | (.054) | − 0.035 | (.063) | ||||
| Mother residential move | 0.167 | (.107) | 0.172 | (.114) | − 0.043 | (.188) | 0.288 | (.214) | ||||
| Father residential move | − 0.029 | (.109) | 0.000 | (.124) | 0.098 | (.199) | 0.158 | (.248) | ||||
| Mother neighborhood disadvantage | − 0.001 | (.021) | − 0.012 | (.022) | 0.042 | (.039) | 0.004 | (.045) | ||||
| Father neighborhood disadvantage | 0.003 | (.021) | − 0.003 | (.022) | − 0.038 | (.042) | − 0.003 | (.045) | ||||
| Mother incarcerated | − 0.136 | (.477) | 0.380 | (.470) | 0.012 | (.282) | 0.212 | (.297) | ||||
| Constant | − 0.851 | − 1.408 | − 3.804 | − 3.563 | ||||||||
| Log likelihood | − 1,834 | − 1,576 | − 639 | − 511 | ||||||||
| N | 3416 | 3416 | 2569 | 2363 | ||||||||