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Tracking the long-term responses of diatoms and cladocerans to climate warming and human influences across lakes of the Ring of Fire in the Far North of Ontario, Canada

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Abstract

The extensive peatlands and lakes of the Far North of Ontario warrant committed scientific attention given their status as a significant carbon sink. Economic interest in this region has recently increased due to the discovery of vast mineral deposits (mainly chromite and nickel) known as the “Ring of Fire”. Mineral exploration and infrastructure planning are underway, but environmental monitoring is only beginning. Detailed baseline ecological information is required to assess the impacts of future resource extraction within the context of multiple environmental stressors (including recent regional climate warming). Here we use sediment cores from two relatively deep lakes (Zmax ~ 10 m) and two shallow lakes (Zmax ~ 2 m), all located in the vicinity of the Ring of Fire, to examine biotic responses to warming prior to the commencement of mining activities. Our data show that, over the past ~150 years, diatom and cladoceran sedimentary assemblages have transitioned from dominance by littoral/benthic forms to greater abundances of planktonic cladoceran (an increase of ~3 to 34 %) and diatom taxa (an increase of ~3 to 22 %). Increased relative abundances of planktonic taxa are consistent with warming-induced changes in lake properties including longer ice-free periods and increased production by planktonic algae. The response of diatom assemblages in shallow lakes to warming preceded the deeper lakes by ~45 to 60 years, and substantial increases in aquatic production (~4 to 15 times higher than in sediments deposited prior to 1900) were observed in the shallow lakes, in agreement with previous analyses demonstrating the heightened sensitivity of shallow systems to climate warming. These data provide important information necessary to distinguish potential ecological impacts related to resource extraction from natural variation and the ongoing responses to regional climate warming.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Josef MacLeod and Chantal Sarazin-Delay for their organization and assistance during the 2012 field season, the Eabamatoong First Nation in Fort Hope for allowing us to work on their traditional lands, Xavier Sagutch for help and support planning out the field work, two anonymous reviewers and Tom Whitmore and Guangjie Chen who improved the quality and clarity of the manuscript. This research was funded by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council awarded to J.P.S., support provided to W.K. by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (OMOECC) through the Climate Change and Multiple Stressor Aquatic Research Program at Laurentian University, and a OMOECC Best in Science grant to J.P.S., W.K., and K.M.R.

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  1. Kathryn E. Hargan

    Present address: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Kathryn E. Hargan, Clare Nelligan, Adam Jeziorski, Kathleen M. Rühland & John P. Smol

  2. Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0, Canada

    Andrew M. Paterson

  3. Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada

    Wendel Keller

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ESM 1

Diatom species and their authorities, which form each diatom species complex in Figure 4a-d are listed. (XLSX 13 kb)

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Hargan, K.E., Nelligan, C., Jeziorski, A. et al. Tracking the long-term responses of diatoms and cladocerans to climate warming and human influences across lakes of the Ring of Fire in the Far North of Ontario, Canada. J Paleolimnol 56, 153–172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-016-9901-7

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