Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Behaviors of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/Pozzolan Superabsorbent Polymers

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article introduces the design and optimization of a new eco-superabsorbent polymer (SAP) aiming to achieve maximum water absorption. In this study, the incorporation of the natural pozzolan (Poz) as an inorganic filler into a SAP was investigated for the first time. A new type of cross-linker, Bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, was used in the preparation of SAPs. The Taguchi optimization results revealed that factors’ level of significance on the water absorption are acrylamide (AAm) > acrylic acid (AA) > Poz. The optimum levels of factors that provide maximum water absorption are 30.8% AA, 30.8% AAm, and 38.4% of Poz in total weight. This high percentage of Poz in the optimized SAP is the highest ratio of an inorganic filler to a SAP ever mentioned in the literature. The water absorption capacities of the optimized polymer in ultrapure water and saline water were measured as 11,000 wt% and 2120 wt%, respectively. The overall assessment of FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and BET studies revealed the successful and homogeneous intercalation of Poz into poly(AA-co-AAm). This new eco-product with enhanced the water absorption capacity and thermal stability can be potentially used as soil conditioners in agricultural activities especially in arid regions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Laftah WA, Hashim S, Ibrahim AN (2011) Polym-Plast Technol 50:1475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Kabiri K (2008) Iran Polym J 17:451

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hasija V, Sharma K, Kumar V, Sharma S, Sharma V (2018) Vacuum 157:458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Li X, Li Q, Su Y, Yue Q, Gao B, Su Y (2015) J Taiwan Inst Chem E 55:170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kabiri K, Omidian H, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Doroudiani S (2011) Polym Compos 32:277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kiatkamjornwong S, Wongwatthanasatien R (2004) Macromol Symp 207:229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Karadag E, Saraydin D (2002) Turk J Chem 26:863

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Heidari S, Esmaeilzadeh F, Mowla D, Ghasemi S (2018) J Pet Explor Prod Technol 8:1331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tomar RS, Gupta I, Singhal R, Nagpal AK (2007) Polym-Plast Technol 46:481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tomar RS, Gupta I, Singhal R, Nagpal AK (2012) Des Monomers Polym 10:49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Stahl JD, Cameron MD, Haselbach J, Aust SD (2000) Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 7:83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chang C, Duan B, Cai J, Zhang L (2010) Eur Polym J 46:92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Klinpituksa P, Kosaiyakanon P (2017) Int J Polym Sci 2017:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wu F, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yao J (2012) Carbohydr Polym 87:2519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Suo A, Qian J, Yao Y, Zhang W (2007) J Appl Polym Sci 103:1382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lim LS, Rosli NA, Ahmad I, Mat Lazim A, Amin M MCI (2017) Nanomater Basel 7:1

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bao Y, Ma J, Li N (2011) Carbohydr Polym 84:76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Olad A, Zebhi H, Salari D, Mirmohseni A, Reyhanitabar A (2017) J Porous Mat 25:1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Abdelaziz MS, Salama HE (2018) Int J Biol Macromol 116:840

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Said M, Atassi Y, Tally M, Khatib H (2018) J Polym Environ 26:3937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fang S, Wang G, Li P, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Yu H, Chen X, Li K (2018) Int J Biol Macromol 115:754

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ge H, Wang S (2014) Carbohydr Polym 113:296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu Y, Liu L, Kong Y, Zhang E, Liu Y (2011) J Polym Environ 19:926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Guo J, Liu M-H, Gong H-X (2013) Bioresources 8:6510

    Google Scholar 

  25. Teli MD, Mallick A (2017) J Polym Environ 26:1581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zou W, Liu X, Yu L, Qiao D, Chen L, Liu H, Zhang N (2012) J Polym Environ 21:359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Thakur S, Arotiba OA (2018) Polym Bull 75:4587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Singh J, Dhaliwal AS (2018) Vacuum 157:51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Behrouzi M, Moghadam PN (2018) Carbohydr Polym 202:227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gao J, Liu J, Peng H, Wang Y, Cheng S, Lei Z (2018) R Soc Open Sci 5:180007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Wan T, Huang R, Xiong L, Zhao Q, Luo L, Zhang H, Cai G (2013) J Compos Mater 48:2341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu Z, Miao Y, Wang Z, Yin G (2009) Carbohydr Polym 77:131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cannazza G, Cataldo A, De Benedetto E, Demitri C, Madaghiele M, Sannino A (2014) Water 6:2056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Perez-Puyana V, Felix M, Romero A, Guerrero A (2018) J Clean Prod 198:312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhou M, Yang S, Zhou Y, Qin N, He S, Lai D, Xie Z, Yuan J (2014) Polym-Korea 38:16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu H, Bu Y, Sanjayan JG, Nazari A, Shen Z (2016) Constr Build Mater 112:253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kalaleh H-A, Tally M, Atassi Y (2015) Polym Sci Ser B + 57:750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kabiri K, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ (2003) Polym Advan Technol 14:438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pourjavadi A, Ayyari M, Amini-Fazl MS (2008) Eur Polym J 44:1209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Xie L, Liu M, Ni B, Zhang X, Wang Y (2011) Chem Eng J 167:342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pourjavadi A, Amini-Fazl MS, Ayyari M (2007) Express Polym Lett 1:488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Anil I, Ozturk N, Alagha O, Ergenekon P (2012) J Sep Sci 35:3561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vafaei M, Allahverdi A (2016) Constr Build Mater 114:290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. González-García DM, Téllez-Jurado L, Jiménez-Álvarez FJ, Balmori-Ramírez H (2017) Ceram Int 43:2606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Moufti MR, Sabtan AA, El-Mahdy OR, Shehata WM (2000) Eng Geol 57:155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Moon J, Bae S, Celik K, Yoon S, Kim K-H, Kim KS, Monteiro PJM (2014) Cement Concrete Comp 53:97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Setina J, Gabrene A, Juhnevica I (2013) Procedia Eng 57:1005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Celik K, Jackson MD, Mancio M, Meral C, Emwas AH, Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM (2014) Cement Concrete Comp 45:136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Achiou B, Elomari H, Bouazizi A, Karim A, Ouammou M, Albizane A, Bennazha J, Alami Younssi S, El Amrani IE (2017) Desalination 419:181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Omrane M, Kenai S, Kadri E-H, Aït-Mokhtar A (2017) J Clean Prod 165:415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Walker R, Pavía S (2010) Mater Struct 44:1139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Haddad RH, Alshbuol O (2016) Constr Build Mater 114:699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Al-Kutti W, Nasir M, Megat Johari MA, Islam ABMS, Manda AA, Blaisi NI (2018) Constr Build Mater 159:567

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Taguchi G, Yokoyama Y (1994) Taguchi methods: design of experiments. American supplier institute, Dearborn MI, In: conjunction with the Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan

  55. Bhattacharyya R, Ray SK (2014) Appl Clay Sci 101:510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bhattacharyya R, Ray SK (2015) Chem Eng J 260:269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Yu C, Wang F, Zhang C, Fu S, Lucia LA (2016) React Funct Polym 106:137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gao J, Yang Q, Ran F, Ma G, Lei Z (2016) Appl Clay Sci 132–133:739

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kenawy E-R, Azaam MM, El-nshar EM (2017) Arab J Chem https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.10.013. (In press)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang JP, Li A, Wang AQ (2005) Polym Advan Technol 16:813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhang Y, Zhao L, Chen Y (2017) Polym Composite 38:1838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The project was financially supported by the Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC) of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University but not from a specific project. The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms. Fatimah Al-Fares due to her experimental work. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Walid Al-Kutti for providing the Saudi natural pozzolan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Ismail Anil & Omar Alagha

  2. Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Seyda Tugba Gunday & Ayhan Bozkurt

Authors
  1. Ismail Anil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seyda Tugba Gunday
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Omar Alagha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ayhan Bozkurt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ismail Anil.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anil, I., Gunday, S.T., Alagha, O. et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Swelling Behaviors of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/Pozzolan Superabsorbent Polymers. J Polym Environ 27, 1086–1095 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01415-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01415-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation