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Effects of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Its Decarboxylated Form on the Properties of Natural Rubber

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Abstract

Effects of addition of raw cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) or its decarboxylated form (D-CNSL or cardanol) on curing characteristics, physical properties and temperature scanned stress relaxation were investigated. The study revealed that the CNSL containing high anacardic acid concentration acts as an acid activator and strongly affects curing behavior of NR compounds. The effective curing rate and curing efficiency, i.e., torque difference, crosslink density, and activation energy for curing, clearly increased with 2–5 phr of CNSL. Furthermore, physical properties and thermal stability also improved. However, when the acidity was removed by forming D-CNSL, the effects were totally different from those of the CNSL. The D-CNSL behaves like a plasticizer improving chain flexibility and might show dilution effects if used at a high content in the compound formulation. These effects are clearly seen in decreased curing rate and curing efficiency, together with slight losses of tensile properties, tear strength, and thermal stability, with D-CNSL addition.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Natural Rubber Innovation Research Institute, Prince of Songkla University (Grant No. SAT601211S). This research was also supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship from Prince of Songkla University to one of the authors (Miss. Uraiwan Sookyung).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, 94000, Thailand

    Uraiwan Sookyung & Anoma Thitithammawong

  2. Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Suratthani Campus, Suratthani, 84000, Thailand

    Charoen Nakason

  3. Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, 94000, Thailand

    Charoen Pakhathirathien

  4. National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand

    Woothichai Thaijaroen

Authors
  1. Uraiwan Sookyung
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  2. Anoma Thitithammawong
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  3. Charoen Nakason
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  4. Charoen Pakhathirathien
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  5. Woothichai Thaijaroen
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Correspondence to Uraiwan Sookyung or Anoma Thitithammawong.

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Sookyung, U., Thitithammawong, A., Nakason, C. et al. Effects of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Its Decarboxylated Form on the Properties of Natural Rubber. J Polym Environ 26, 3451–3457 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1227-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1227-2

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