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Chitosan–Starch–Keratin Composites: Improving Thermo-Mechanical and Degradation Properties Through Chemical Modification

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Abstract

Chitosan–starch polymers are reinforced with different keratin materials obtained from chicken feather. Keratin materials are treated with sodium hydroxide; the modified surfaces are rougher in comparison with untreated surfaces, observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry show an increase in the endothermic peak related to water evaporation of the films from 92 °C (matrix) up to 102–114 °C (reinforced composites). Glass transition temperature increases from 126 °C in the polymer matrix up to 170–200 °C for the composites. Additionally, the storage modulus in the composites is enhanced up to 1614% for the composites with modified ground quill, 2522% for composites with modified long fiber and 3206% for the composites with modified short fiber. The lysozyme test shows an improved in the degradability rate, the weight loss of the films at 21 days is reduced from 73% for chitosan-starch matrix up to 16% for the composites with 5 wt% of quill; but all films show a biodegradable character depending on keratin type and chemical modification. The outstanding properties related to the addition of treated keratin materials show that these natural composites are a remarkable alternative to potentiating chitosan–starch films with sustainable features.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Mrs. Alicia del Real-Lopez for her technical assistance with SEM micrographs, to Dr. Pedro Salas for technical support and Mrs. Carmen Vazquez for assistance in stress tests of the composites (useful to SEM). Also, C.G. Flores-Hernandez thanks Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Mexico, for financial support through the Ph. D. scholarship. Martinez-Hernandez and Velasco-Santos also express their gratitude for the economic support provided by Tecnológico Nacional de México and Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro through the projects 2499.09-P and QRO-IMA-2012-103, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon Esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico

    Cynthia G. Flores-Hernández & Arturo Colin-Cruz

  2. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Col. Centro Histórico, 76000, Querétaro, Mexico

    Cynthia G. Flores-Hernández, Carlos Velasco-Santos & Ana L. Martínez-Hernández

  3. Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico

    Víctor M. Castaño

  4. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnologico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y Antonio García Cubas s/n. Celaya, 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico

    Armando Almendarez-Camarillo

  5. Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Cd. Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Norte, Col. Partido Romero, 32310, Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico

    Imelda Olivas-Armendariz

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  1. Cynthia G. Flores-Hernández
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  2. Arturo Colin-Cruz
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  3. Carlos Velasco-Santos
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  6. Imelda Olivas-Armendariz
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  7. Ana L. Martínez-Hernández
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Correspondence to Ana L. Martínez-Hernández.

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Flores-Hernández, C.G., Colin-Cruz, A., Velasco-Santos, C. et al. Chitosan–Starch–Keratin Composites: Improving Thermo-Mechanical and Degradation Properties Through Chemical Modification. J Polym Environ 26, 2182–2191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1115-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1115-1

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