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Utilization of Porous Carbons Derived from Coconut Shell and Wood in Natural Rubber

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Abstract

The porous carbons derived from cellulose are renewable and environmentally friendly. Coconut shell and wood derived porous carbons were characterized with elemental analysis, ash content, X-ray diffraction, infrared absorbance, particle size, surface area, and pore volume. The results were compared with carbon black. Uniaxial deformation of natural rubber (NR) composites indicate the composites reinforced with the porous carbon from coconut shell have higher tensile moduli at the same elongation ratio than the composites reinforced with wood carbon. 40 % coconut shell composite showed a fivefold increase in tensile modulus compared to NR. Polymer–filler interactions were studied with frequency dependent shear modulus, swelling experiments and dynamic strain sweep experiments. Both linear and non-linear viscoelastic properties indicate the polymer–filler interactions are similar between coconut shell carbon and wood carbon reinforced composites. The swelling experiments, however, showed that the polymer–filler interaction is greater in the composites reinforced with coconut shell instead of wood carbon.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank A. Thompson for energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, A. J. Thomas for ash analysis, G. Gross for X-ray measurements, and A. Maness for elemental analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Polymer Research Unit, Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Lei Jong & Steven C. Peterson

  2. Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Michael A. Jackson

Authors
  1. Lei Jong
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  2. Steven C. Peterson
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Correspondence to Lei Jong.

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Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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Jong, L., Peterson, S.C. & Jackson, M.A. Utilization of Porous Carbons Derived from Coconut Shell and Wood in Natural Rubber. J Polym Environ 22, 289–297 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0637-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0637-4

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