Skip to main content
Log in

Imposing Order to See the Disorder: Student Depression and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land: A (Mis)reading/Diagnosis

  • Published:
Journal of Medical Humanities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sometime ago, I found myself using the diagnosis of a student’s depression as a critical tool of interpretation, searching for signs of mental illness in her essay that explored order and disorder in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. I realised that my reading had become a creative act, combining poem, poet, student essay and author to create, in a sense, one (un)readable text. The present paper is a reflection upon the processes of order and disorder located in a diagnosis of “madness” and the readings of writer and text this diagnosis initiated. I look to deconstruct acts of reading and diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvarez, Al. 2005. “The Myth of the Artist.” In Madness and Creativity in Literature and Culture, edited by Corinne Saunders and Jane Macnaughton, 194-201. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, John Langshaw. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 1991. Modernity and Ambivalence. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, Marshall. 1982. All that Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, Clive. 1993. “Introduction.” In Literature and Culture in Modern Britain, edited by Clive Bloom, Vol. 1, 1-29. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borch-Jacobson, Mikkel. 2009. Making Minds and Madness: From Hysteria to Depression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, Vivien and Trevor Butt. 2000. “Psychological Distress and Postmodern Thought.” In Pathology and the Postmodern: Mental Illness as Discourse and Experience, edited by Dwight Fee, 186-206. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burstow, Bonnie. 2013. “A Rose by Any Other Name: Naming and the Battle Against Psychiatry.” In Mad Matters: A Critical Reader in Canadian Mad Studies, edited by Brenda Lefrançois, Robert Menzies and Geoffrey Reaume, 79-90. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butts, Mary. 2001. Armed with Madness. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, B. and A. Long. 2003. “Meaning of Madness: A Literature Review.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10: 89-99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Hilary. 2008. “Introduction.” In Depression and Narrative: Telling the Dark, edited by Hilary Clark, 1-12. New York: Suny Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelson, Marshall. 1971. The Idea of Mental Illness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliot, T. S. 2005. The Waste Land. In Modernism: An Anthology, edited by Lawrence Rainey, 123-143. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feder, Lillian. 1980. Madness in Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, Dwight. 2000a. “Introduction.” In Pathology of the Postmodern: Mental Illness as Discourse and Experience, edited by Dwight Fee, 1-17. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000b. “The Project of Pathology: Reflexivity and Depression in Elizabeth Wurtzel’s Prozac Nation.” In Pathology of the Postmodern: Mental Illness as Discourse and Experience, edited by Dwight Fee, 74-99. London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Felman, Shoshana. 1985. Writing and Madness: Literature, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis. Translated by Martha Noel Evans and Shoshana Felman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 1989. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard. New York Vintage.

  • ———. 2011a. History of Madness. Edited by Jean Khalfa, Translated by Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge.

  • ———. 2011b. Madness: The Invention of the Idea. Translated by Alan Sheridan. NewYork: Harper Perennial.

  • Gold, Matthew. 2000. “The Expert Hand and the Obedient Heart: Dr. Vittoz, T. S. Eliot, and the Therapeutic Possibilities of the Waste Land.” Journal of Modern Literature 23 (3-4): 519-533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeld, Liah. 2013. Mind, Modernity, Madness: The Impact of Culture on Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, Ian. 1998. Mad Travellers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, D. W. 1974. “What the thunder Said.” In “The Waste Land” in Different Voices, edited by A. D. Moody, 15-28. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Amanda Jeremin. 2006. “T. S. Eliot’s Mental Hygiene.” Journal of Modern Literature 29 (4): 44-56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, David. 2000. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, David. 2008. “The Intersection of Psychopharmacology and Psychiatry in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century.” In History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, edited by Edwin R. Wallace and John Gach, 419-437. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, Kay Redfield. 1993. Touched with Fire: Manic-depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadison, Richard and Theresa May. 2004. College of the Overwhelmed: The Campus Mental Health Crisis and What to Do About It. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenner, Hugh. 1959. The Invisible Poet: T. S. Eliot. New York: Ivan Obolensky.

  • Kiefer, Carol Solomon. 2001. “The Myth and Madness of Ophelia.” In The Myth and Madness of Ophelia, edited by Carol Solomon Kiefer, 11-40. Amherst, MA: Mead Art Museum, Amherst College.

  • Kinderman, Peter. 2014. A Prescription for Psychiatry: Why We Need a Whole Knew Approach to Mental Health and Wellbeing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Landow, Mery V. 2006. Ed. College Students: Mental Health and Coping Strategies. New York: Nova Sciences Publishers.

  • Lerer, Seth. 2012. “I’ve got a Feeling for Ophelia: Childhood and Performance.” In The Afterlife of Ophelia, edited by Kaara L Peterson and Deanne Williams, 11-28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, Arnold M. 1995. The Price of Greatness. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, Robert, Brenda Lefrançois and Geoffrey Reaume. 2013. “Introducing Mad Studies.” In Mad Matters: A Critical Reader in Canadian Mad Studies, edited by Brenda Lefrançois, Robert Menzies and Geoffrey Reaume, 1-22. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Jr, James E. 1977. T. S. Eliot’s Personal Waste Land: Exorcism of the Demons. London: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. T. S. Eliot: The Making of an American Poet, 1888-1922. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, A. D. 1974. “To Fill the World with Inviolable Voice.” In The Waste Land in Different Voices, edited by A. D. Moody, 47-66. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettle, Daniel. 2006. “Schizotypy and Mental Health amongst Poets, Visual Artists, and Mathematicians.” Journal of Research in Personality 40:876-890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2000. “The Birth of Tragedy.” In Basic Writings of Nietzsche, edited and translated by Walter Kaufmann, 1-144. New York: The Modern Library.

  • Norman, Ian and Iain Ryrie. 2004. “Preface.” In The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing, edited by Ian Norman and Iain Ryrie, xiii-xxvi. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, Peter. 1992. “Modernity is a Qualitative not a Chronological, Category: Notes on the Dialectics of Different Historical Time.” In Postmodernism and The Re-Reading of Modernity, edited by Francis Barker, Peter Hulme and Margaret Iverson, 23-45. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, F. 1994. “Creativity and Psychopathology: A Study of 291 World-famous Men.” British Journal of Psychiatry 165:22-34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, Lawrence. 2005. The Annotated Waste Land with Eliot’s Contemporary Prose. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, Gareth. 1994. T. S. Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land.’ New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts G. 2000. “Narratives and Severe Mental Illness: What Place do Stories have in an Evidence-based World?” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 6:432–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhan, D. L. 1973. “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” Science 179 (4073): 250-258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, J. 2009. “Creative Misconceptions: A Closer Look at the Evidence of the ‘Mad Genius’ Hypothesis.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 3:62-72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scull, Andrew. 2011. Madness: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Showalter, Elaine. 1985. “Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism.” In Shakespeare and the Question of Theory, edited by Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman, 77-94. New York: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaniol, Susan. 2001. “Art and Mental Illness: Where is the Link?” The Arts of Psychotherapy 28: 221-231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiher, Allen. 1999. Revels in Madness: Insanity in Medicine and Literature. Ann Arbour: The University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whedon, Joss. 2015. “Hamlet: The Problems of Ophelia and Representation.” In After the Avengers, edited by Valerie Estelle, 243-250. Chicago, IL: PopMatters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, Virginia. 1988. “How it Strikes a Contemporary.” In The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume III, 19191924, edited by Andrew McNeillie, 353-360. London: The Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joel Hawkes.

Ethics declarations

Endnotes

1 The student referred to as S in this paper was a student from a class some few years ago. She inspired the thinking in this paper, but I have taught many other students with similar mental health problems. For reasons of privacy and anonymity, I have removed identifying detail of this student and her work from my paper, while retaining enough to further critical discussion. No specifics of student, her illness or work are given; and at no point do I quote from her work. And interestingly, other students have been drawn to write on the more curious aspects of voices in Eliot’s poem The Waste Land. The removal of identifying detail also reflects the idea of loss of identity experienced due to a narrative of mental illness on campus, which this essay explores. The student in the paper – though she does exist, and many others like her – can be read as an icon of sorts, not identifiable, in fact, because of the diagnosis.

2 I have explored this image of Ophelia in the media with particular reference to the work of Joss Whedon. (See Whedon 2015, 243-50).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hawkes, J. Imposing Order to See the Disorder: Student Depression and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land: A (Mis)reading/Diagnosis. J Med Humanit 39, 455–471 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-018-9525-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-018-9525-1

Keywords

Navigation