Abstract
In the present study, a hetero nuclear complex formulated as [Cu(H2O)5Ni(dipic)2]·2H2O (1) that dipic is pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, was synthesized by a sonochemical process and characterized by several techniques such as elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, conductivity measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultra violet–visible spectroscopy, thermal decomposition and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 was dispersed on the rutile (R-TiO2) as support and after thermal decomposition, catalyst of Cu–Ni/(R-TiO2) (2) was prepared. Nano-catalyst of 2 was studied by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Catalyst 2 was applied as a catalyst in the water–gas shift reaction in the temperature range of 150–350 °C. In addition, catalyst of 2 was synthesized by co-precipitation and impregnation methods as references catalyst. The results showed that the catalyst of 2, synthesized by thermal decomposition of complex 1, has the highest catalytic performance compared to reference catalysts. Moreover, the results confirmed that the temperature of 250 °C is the optimal temperature for all catalysts. In another section of this study, the performance of anatase and rutile supported Cu–Ni/(R-TiO2) and Cu–Ni/(A-TiO2) catalysts prepared through calcination of 1 were compared for the amount of hydrogen produced. Stability test performed on catalyst of 2 at optimum temperature (250 °C) showed that all catalysts are stable for 12 h.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Liu, J.A. Rodriguez, Y. Takahashi, K. Nakamura, J. Catal. 262, 294 (2009)
Y. Li, Q. Fu, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 27, 179 (2000)
S. Saheli, A.R. Rezvani, A. Malekzadeh, J. Mol. Struct. 1144, 166–172 (2017)
W. Dimmling, Starch-Stärke 30, 401 (1978)
C. Ratnasamy, J.P. Wagner, Catal. Rev. 51, 325 (2009)
W. Dimmling, G. Nesemann, H. Dellweg, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2, 233 (1984)
M.D.S. Santos, A. Albornoz, M. do Carmo Rangel. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 162, 753 (2006)
K.O. Hinrichsen, K. Kochloefl, M. Muhler, Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, (Wiley, New York, 2008)
S.F. Yin, B.Q. Xu, X.P. Zhou, C.T. Au, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 277(1–2), 1 (2004)
O.N. Temkin, Homogeneous Catalysis with Metal Complexes: Kinetic Aspects and Mechanisms, (Wiley, New York, 2012)
J.R. Ross, Catal. Today 100, 151 (2005)
H. Zhao, Y. Hu, J. Li, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 149, 141 (1999)
A. Moser, K. Takano, D.T. Margulies, M. Albrecht, Y. Sonobe, Y. Ikeda, S. Sun, E.E. Fullerton, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, 157 (2002)
H. Schulz, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 186, 3 (1999)
C.A. Chanenchuk, I.C. Yates, C.N. Satterfield, Energy Fuel 5, 847 (1991)
C. Pirola, C. Bianchi, A. Di Michele, S. Vitali, V. Ragaini, Catal. Commun. 10, 823 (2009)
A.L.C. Pereira, G.J.P. Berrocal, S.G. Marchetti, A. Albornoz, A.O. de Souza, M. do Carmo Rangel, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 281, 66 (2008)
E. Matijević, P. Scheiner, J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 63, 509 (1978)
C.R. Lund, J. Dumesic, J. Catal. 76, 93 (1982)
G. Doppler, A. Trautwein, H. Ziethen, E. Ambach, R. Lehnert, M. Sprague, U. Gonser, Appl. Catal. 40, 119 (1988)
R. Insoo, J. Resasco, P. Christopher, ACS. Catal. 8(8), 7368 (2018)
M. Zhou, T.N.M. Le, L.K. Huynh, B. Liu, Catal. Today 280, 210 (2017)
A. Ruiz Puigdollers, P. Schlexer, S. Tosoni, G. Pacchioni, ACS. Catal. 7(10), 6493 (2017)
B.M. Reddy, G.M. Kumar, I. Ganesh, A. Khan, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 247(1–2), 80 (2006)
Y. Yang, H.W. Xiang, L. Tian, H. Wang, C.H. Zhang, Z.C. Tao, Y.W. Li, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 284(1–2), 105 (2005)
M. Salavati-Niasari, F. Davar, M. Mazaheri, Polyhedron 27(17), 3467 (2008)
M. Salavati-Niasari, F. Davar, N. Mir, Polyhedron 27(17), 3514 (2008)
M. Salavati-Niasari, F. Mohandes, F. Davar, M. Mazaheri, M. Monemzadeh, M.N. Yavarinia, Inorg. Chimica Act 362(10), 3691 (2009)
J. Farzanfar, A.R. Rezvani, C. R. Chim. 18(2), 178 (2015)
N.O. Kenaga, H. Taniguchi, A. Watanabe, T. Suzuki, Fuel 79(3–4), 273 (2000)
C.H. Bartholomew, (AIChE’03) (2003)
A. Eshraghi, A.A. Mirzaei, H. Atashi, J. Nat. Gas. Sci. Eng 26, 940 (2015)
M.V. Kirillova, A.M. da Silva MFCG, Kirillov, da Silva J.J.F., A.J. Pombeiro, Inorg. Chim. Acta 360, 506 (2007)
L.G. Sillen, E.A. Martell, J. Bjerrum, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes (Chemical Society, London, 1964)
C.F. Baes, R.E. Mesmer, The Hydrolysis of Cations (Wiley, New York, 1976), p. 489
G. Marr, B.W. Rockett, Practical Inorganic Chemistry (VNR, London, 1972)
K. Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds (Wiley, New York, 1997)
G. Varasanyi, Assignments of Vibrational Spectra of Seven Hundred Benzene Derivatives (Wiley, New York, 1974)
K. Akhbari, A. Morsali, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 5, 48 (2008)
N. Schumacher, A. Boisen, S. Dahl, A.A. Gokhale, S. Kandoi, L.C. Grabow, I. Chorkendorff, J. Catal. 229(2), 265 (2005)
A. Andreev, V. Idakiev, D. Mihajlova, D. Shopov, Appl. Catal. 22(2), 385 (1986)
Y. Li, Q. Fu, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 27(3), 179 (2000)
W.H. Chen, M.R. Lin, T.L. Jiang, M.H. Chen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33(22), 6644 (2008)
T. Ohno, K. Tokieda, S. Higashida, M. Matsumura, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 244(2), 383 (2003)
A.R.S. Rad, M.B. Khoshgouei, S. Rezvani, A.R. Rezvani, Fuel Process. Technol. 96, 9 (2012)
J. Farzanfar, A.R. Rezvan, Res. Chem. Int. 41(11), 8975 (2015)
S. Saheli, A.R. Rezvani, A. Malekzadeh, M. Dusek, V. Eigner, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.019
A.R.S. Rad, A.R. Rezvani, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 344, 11 (2011)
Z. Razmara, A.R. Rezvani, H. Saravani, Chem. Pap. 71, 849 (2017)
Z. Razmara, A.R. Rezvani, H. Saravani, J. Mol. Struct. 1171, 503 (2018)
Z. Rui, S. Wu, C. Peng, H. Ji, Chem. Eng. J. 243, 254 (2014)
T. Ohno, K. Tokieda, S. Higashida, M. Matsumura, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 244, 383 (2003)
Acknowledgements
I’m grateful to the University of Zabol for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Razmara, Z. Sonochemical Syntheses of a Hetero Metal–Organic Complex, a Precursor for Producing Clean Energy Source of Hydrogen. J Inorg Organomet Polym 29, 165–177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-018-0976-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-018-0976-7