Skip to main content
Log in

Gender Differences in Risk Aversion Among Chinese University Students

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Gambling Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines gender differences in risk aversion among Chinese university students. Chinese females are proposed to be more risk averse and require a higher risk premium when faced with a gamble option in the gain-domain frame as compared to Chinese males. Two groups of 100 participants each (male = 100 and female = 100 in total) were recruited to fill up questionnaires that included items relating to objective probability lotteries. Within each group, it was found that Chinese males and females did not differ in their risk aversion. However, results show that Chinese males tend to react more readily to rising risk premium by taking up options with higher expected values when compared to Chinese females. Current findings will have useful implications to marketers (particularly, promoters of gambling products) and problem gambling counselors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arch, E. (1993). Risk-taking: A motivational basis for sex differences. Psychological Reports, 73(3), 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. (1992). Reckless behaviour in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12, 339–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I. (1988). Factors affecting AIDS-related sexual risk taking behavior among college students. The Journal of Sex Research, 25, 181–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barke, R. P., Jenkins-Smith, H., & Slovic, P. (1997). Risk perceptions of men and women scientists. Social Science Quarterly, 78, 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A. (2003). Risky business: Emotion, decision-making, and addiction. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19, 23–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernasek, A., & Shwiff, S. (2001). Gender, risk and retirement. Journal of Economic Issues, 35, 345–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaszczynski, A., Huynh, S., Dumlao, V. J., & Farrell, E. (1998). Problem gambling within a Chinese speaking community. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 359–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, T. W. (2006). The development of risk-taking: A multi-perspective review. Developmental Review, 26, 291–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, P., & Zank, H. (2005). Loss averse behavior. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 31(3), 301–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, J., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 367–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demaree, H. A., DeDonno, M. A., Burns, K. J., Feldman, P., & Everhart, D. E. (2009). Trait dominance predicts risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 419–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreber, A., & Hoffman, M. (2007). Risk preferences are partly predetermined. Mimeo: Stockholm School of Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, P. D., Gilkeson, J. H., & List, J. A. (2002). Gender differences in revealed risk-taking: Evidence from mutual fund investors. Economics Letters, 76, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckel, C. C., & Grossma, P. J. (2008). Men, women and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. In R. P. Charles & V. L. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of experimental economics results (pp. 1061–1073). New York, NY: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Economist (2011). Currency comparisons, to go. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/big-mac-index.

  • Fagley, N. S., & Miller, P. M. (1990). The effect of framing on choice: Interactions with risk-taking propensity, cognitive style, and sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 496–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr-Duda, H., de Gennaro, M., & Schubert, R. (2006). Gender, financial risk, and probability weights. Theory and Decision, 60(2–3), 283–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J. H., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. K. (1994). Gender, race, and perception of environmental health risks. Risk Analysis, 14, 1101–1108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, L. H. N., Law, R., & Lam, D. (2013). An examination of factors driving Chinese gamblers’ fallacy bias. Journal of Gambling Studies. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9390-9.

  • Garbarino, E., Slonim, R., & Sydnor, J. (2011). Digit ratios (2D:4D) as predictors of risky decision making for both sexes. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 42(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goetzmann, W. N., & Ibbotson, R. G. (2006). The equity risk premium: Essays and explorations. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafso, P. E. (1998). Gender differences in risk perception: Theoretical and methodological perspective. Risk Analysis, 18(6), 805–811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. R., Jenkins, M., & Glaser, D. (2006). Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men? Judgment and Decision Making, 1(1), 48–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holton, G. A. (2004). Defining risk. Financial Analysis Journal, 60, 19–25.

  • Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1999). Cross-national differences in risk preference and lay predictions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 165–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, B., Lee, J. B., & Marquering, W. A. (2008). Are men more optimistic? Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1030478.

  • Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., Conway, C. A., Welling, L. L. M., & Smith, F. (2007). Sensation seeking and men’s face preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 439–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, S., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2001). Who dares, wins: Heroism versus altruism in women’s mate choice. Human Nature, 12(2), 89–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kermer, D. A., Driver-Linn, E., Wilson, T. D., & Daniel, T. G. (2006). Loss aversion is an affective forecasting error. Psychological Science, 17(8), 649–653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, D. (2009). The world of chinese gambling. Adelaide: Peacock Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, D. (2014). Chopsticks and gambling. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, D., & Ozorio, Bernadete. (2013). The effect of prior outcomes on gender risk-taking differences. Journal of Risk Research. doi:10.1080/13669877.2012.737824.

  • Larkin, J. E., & Pines, H. A. (2003). Gender and risk in public performance. Sex Roles, 49, 197–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, L. Y., & Ranyard, R. (2005). Chinese and English probabilistic thinking and risk taking in gambling. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(5), 621–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, J., Oei, T. P., & Raylu, N. (2011). Problem gambling, gambling correlates, and help-seeking attitudes in a Chinese Sample: An empirical evaluation. Psychology, 2(4), 342–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundeberg, M. A., Fox, P. W., & Punccohar, J. (1994). Highly confident but wrong: Gender differences and similarities in confidence judgments. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 114–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meier-Pesti, K., & Penz, E. (2008). Sex or gender? Expanding the sex-based view by introducing masculinity and femininity as predictors of financial risk taking. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(2), 180–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mongin, P. (1997). Expected utility theory. In J. Davis, W. Hands, & U. Maki (Eds.), Handbook of economic methodology (pp. 342–350). London: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novemsky, N., & Kahneman, D. (2005). The boundaries of loss aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, R. A., & Cox, C. M. (2001). The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: The case of professional investors. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(1), 29–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozorio, B., & Fong, D. K. C. (2004). Chinese casino gambling behaviors: Risk taking in casinos vs. investments. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 8(2), 27–38.

  • Pavlov, D., Kelevedjiev, E., & Tabov, J. (2008). Risk-taking behavior in Math competitions. Mathematics Competitions, 21(2), 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 605–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronay, R., & Kim, D. Y. (2006). Gender differences in explicit and implicit risk attitudes: A socially facilitated phenomenon. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 397–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, U., & Traub, S. (2004). An experimental test of loss aversion. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 25(3), 233–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, R., Gysler, M., Brown, M., & Brachinger, H. W. (2000). Gender specific attitudes towards risk and ambiguity: An experimental investigation. Retrieved from http://www.cer.ethz.ch/research/wp_00_17.pdf.

  • Sheng, C. L. (1998). A utilitarian general theory of value—Value inquiry book series 61. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeel, R. L., Neudecker, J., Pilarski, C., & Pytlak, K. (2007). The utility of personality variables and behaviourally-based measures in the prediction of risk-taking behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 203–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spigner, C., Hawkins, W., & Lorens, W. (1993). Gender differences in perception of risk associated with alcohol and drug use among college students. Women and Health, 20(1), 87–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C., & McClure, R. (2003). Age and gender differences in risk taking behavior as an explanation for high incidence of motor vehicle crashes as a driver in young males. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 10, 123–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vong, F. (2007). The psychology of risk-taking in gambling among Chinese visitors to Macau. International Gambling Studies, 7(1), 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. U., & Hsee, C. (1998). Cross-cultural differences in risk perception, but cross-cultural similarities in attitudes towards perceived risk. Management Science, 44(9), 1205–1217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Sokolowska, J. (1998). What folklore tells us about risk and risk taking: Cross-cultural comparisons of American, German, and Chinese proverbs. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75(2), 170–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1985). Competitiveness, risk-taking, and violence: The young male syndrome. Ethnology and Sociobiology, 6(1), 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkhan, G. M., & Karande, K. W. (1991). Culture and gender differences in risk taking behavior among American and Spanish decision makers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 741–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., & Kuhlman, D. M. (2000). Personality and risk-taking: common biosocial factors. Journal of Personality, 68, 999–1025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Desmond Lam.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lam, D. Gender Differences in Risk Aversion Among Chinese University Students. J Gambl Stud 31, 1405–1415 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9492-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9492-z

Keywords

Navigation