Skip to main content
Log in

Fluorescence Determination of Warfarin Using TGA-capped CdTe Quantum Dots in Human Plasma Samples

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Fluorescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, some effort has been performed to provide low temperature, less time consuming and facile routes for the synthesis of CdTe quantum dots using ultrasound and water soluble capping agent thioglycolic acid. TGA-capped CdTe quantum dots were characterized through x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The prepared quantum dots were used for warfarin determination based on the quenching of the fluorescence intensity in aqueous solution. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of quantum dots fluorescence intensity versus the concentration of warfarin was 0.1–160.0 μM, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9996 and a limit of detection of 77.5 nM. There was no interference to coexisting foreign substances. The selectivity of the sensor was also tested and the results show that the developed method possesses a high selectivity for warfarin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Murray CB, Kagan C, Bawendi M (2000) Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse nanocrystals and close-packed nanocrystal assemblies. Annua Rev Mater Sci 30:545–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sai Y, Siva Kishore N, Dattatreya A, Anand S, Sridhari G (2011) A review on biotechnology and its commercial and industrial applications. J Biotechnol Biomater 1:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  3. Reed M, Randall J, Aggarwal R, Matyi R, Moore T, Wetsel A (1988) Observation of discrete electronic states in a zero-dimensional semiconductor nanostructure. Phys Rev Lett 60:535–537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gao X, Chung LW, Nie S (2007) Quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. In: Quantum dots. Springer pp 135–145

  5. Esteve-Turrillas FA, Abad-Fuentes A (2013) Applications of quantum dots as probes in immunosensing of small-sized analytes. Biosens Bioelectron 41:12–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chakravarthy KV, Davidson BA, Helinski JD, Ding H, Law WC, Yong KT, Prasad PN, Knight PR (2011) Doxorubicin-conjugated quantum dots to target alveolar macrophages and inflammation. Nanomede: Nanotechnol Biol Med 7:88–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Adeli M, Hakimpoor F, Parsamanesh M, Kalantari M, Sobhani Z, Attyabi F (2011) Quantum dot-pseudopolyrotaxane supramolecules as anticancer drug delivery systems. Polymer 52:2401–2413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Erogbogbo F, Yong KT, Roy I, Xu G, Prasad PN, Swihart MT (2008) Biocompatible luminescent silicon quantum dots for imaging of cancer cells. ACS Nano 2:873–878

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bharali DJ, Lucey DW, Jayakumar H, Pudavar HE, Prasad PN (2005) Folate-receptor-mediated delivery of InP quantum dots for bioimaging using confocal and two-photon microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 127:11364–11371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Liu Z, Liu S, Wang X, Li P, He Y (2013) A novel quantum dots-based OFF–ON fluorescent biosensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of double-strand DNA. Sens Actuators B Chem 176:1147–1153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dyadyusha L, Yin H, Jaiswal S, Brown T, Baumberg J, Booy F, Melvin T (2005) Quenching of CdSe quantum dot emission, a new approach for biosensing. Chem Commun 25:3201–3203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Sharma A, Pandey CM, Sumana G, Soni U, Sapra S, Srivastava A, Chatterjee T, Malhotra BD (2012) Chitosan encapsulated quantum dots platform for leukemia detection. Biosens Bioelectron 38:107–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Samia AC, Chen X, Burda C (2003) Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. J Am Chem Soc 125:15736–15737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jin T, Sun D, Su J, Zhang H, Sue HJ (2009) Antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide quantum dots against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157: H7. J Food Sci 74:M46–M52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Biju V, Anas A, Akita H, Shibu ES, Itoh T, Harashima H, Ishikawa M (2012) FRET from quantum dots to photodecompose undesired acceptors and report the condensation and decondensation of plasmid DNA. ACS Nano 6:3776–3788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang Y, Chen L (2011) Quantum dots, lighting up the research and development of nanomedicine. Nanomed: Nanotechnol Biol Med 7:385–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gerbec JA, Magana D, Washington A, Strouse GF (2005) Microwave-enhanced reaction rates for nanoparticle synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 127:15791–15800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Horikoshi S, Serpone N (2013). Microwaves in nanoparticle synthesis: fundamentals and applications. Wiley

  19. Xu H, Zeiger BW, Suslick KS (2013) Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 42:2555–2567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kuang H, Zhao Y, Ma W, Xu L, Wang L, Xu C (2011) Recent developments in analytical applications of quantum dots. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 30:1620–1636

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gaponik N, Rogach AL (2010) Thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals: progress and perspectives of the related research fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:8685–8693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen D, Sharma SK, Mudhoo A (2011) Handbook on applications of ultrasound: Sonochemistry for sustainability. CRC press

  23. Wang H, Zhu JJ, Zhu JM, Chen HY (2002) Sonochemical method for the preparation of bismuth sulfide nanorods. J Phys Chem B 106:3848–3854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhu JJ, Wang H, Xu S, Chen HY (2002) Sonochemical method for the preparation of monodisperse spherical and rectangular lead selenide nanoparticles. Langmuir 18:3306–3310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhao WB, Zhu JJ, Chen HY (2003) Photochemical preparation of rectangular PbSe and CdSe nanoparticles. J Cryst Growth 252:587–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Qiu X, Burda C, Fu R, Pu L, Chen H, Zhu J (2004) Heterostructured Bi2Se3 nanowires with periodic phase boundaries. J Am Chem Soc 126:16276–16277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kaminsky LS, Zhang ZY (1997) Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacol Ther 73:67–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Takahashi H, Kashima T, Kimura S, Muramoto N, Nakahata H, Kubo S, Shimoyama Y, Kajiwara M, Echizen H (1997) Determination of unbound warfarin enantiomers in human plasma and 7-hydroxywarfarin in human urine by chiral stationary-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or fluorescence and on-line circular dichroism detection. J Chromatogr B 701:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Osman A, Arbring K, Lindahl TL (2005) A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of warfarin enantiomers. J Chromatogr B 826:75–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Locatelli I, Kmetec V, Mrhar A, Grabnar I (2005) Determination of warfarin enantiomers and hydroxylated metabolites in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography with achiral and chiral separation. J Chromatogr B 818:191–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hou J, Zheng J, Shamsi SA (2007) Separation and determination of warfarin enantiomers in human plasma using a novel polymeric surfactant for micellar electrokinetic chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1159:208–216

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Zare S (2014) M.S. Thesis, Ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted synthesis of different CdSe and CdTe quantum dots for chiral, molecular and biomolecular sensing, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran,

  33. Zhang H, Zhou Z, Yang B, Gao M (2003) The influence of carboxyl groups on the photoluminescence of mercaptocarboxylic acid-stabilized CdTe nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 107:8–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gao M, Kirstein S, Möhwald H, Rogach AL, Kornowski A, Eychmüller A, Weller H (1998) Strongly photoluminescent CdTe nanocrystals by proper surface modification. J Phys Chem B 102:8360–8363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Idowu M, Lamprecht E, Nyokong T (2008) Interaction of water-soluble thiol capped CdTe quantum dots and bovine serum albumin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 198:7–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Samia A, Dayal S, Burda C (2006) Quantum dot‐based energy transfer: perspectives and potential for applications in photodynamic therapy, Ph. J Photochem Photobiol 82:617–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Li MY, Zhou HM, Zhang HY, Sun P, Yi KY, Wang M, Dong ZZ, Xu SK (2010) Preparation and purification of l-cysteine capped CdTe quantum dots and its self-recovery of degenerate fluorescence. J Lumin 130:1935–1940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang Y, Liu S (2012) One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots using sodium tellurite as tellurium source in aqueous solution. J Chil Chem Soc 57:1109–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Jhonsi MA, Renganathan R (2010) Investigations on the photoinduced interaction of water soluble thioglycolic acid (TGA) capped CdTe quantum dots with certain porphyrins. J Colloid Interface Sci 344:596–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Joseph RL, Lakowicz R (1999) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy, vol 11. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wang Q, Yu X, Zhan G, Li C (2014) Fluorescent sensor for selective determination of copper ion based on N-acetyl-l-cysteine capped CdHgSe quantum dots. Biosens Bioelectron 54:311–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sorouraddin MH, Imani-Nabiyyi A, Najibi-Gehraz SA, Rashidi MR (2014) A new fluorimetric method for determination of valproic acid using TGA-capped CdTe quantum dots as proton sensor. J Lumin 145:253–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ghambari H, Hadjmohammadi MR (2012) Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of warfarin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B 899:66–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lomonac T, Ghimenti S, Piga I, Onor M, Melai B, Fuoco R, Francesco FD (2013) Determination of total and unbound warfarin and warfarin alcohols in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography withfluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1314:54–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Yau WP, Chan E (2002) Chiral CE separation of warfarin in albumin containing samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 28:107–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rezaei B, Rahmanian O, Ensafi AA (2014) An electrochemical sensor based on multiwall carbon nanotubes andmolecular imprinting strategy for warfarin recognition and determination. Sens Actuators B 196:539–545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Chang Z, Yan HT (2012) Cloud pointextraction fluorimetric combined methodology for the determination of trace warfarin based on the sensitization effect of supramolecule. J Lumin 132:811–817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Radwan MA, Bawazeer GA, Aloudah NM, AlQuadeib BT, Aboul‐Enein HY (2012) Determination of free and total warfarin concentrations in plasma using UPLC MS/MS and its application to a patient samples. Biomed Chromatogr 26:6–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Smirnova TD, Nevryueva NV, Shtykov SN, Kochubei VI, Zhemerichkin DA (2009) Determination of warfarin by sensitized fluorescence using organized media. J Anal Chem 64:1114–1119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sastry CSP, Rao TT, Sailaja A, Rao JV (1991) Micro-determination of warfarin sodium, nicoumalone and acebutolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. Talanta 38:1107–1109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pacheco ME, Bruzzone L (2014) Room temperature phosphorescence quenching study of coumarins. Indirect determination of warfarin in pharmaceuticals. Anal Methods 6:3462–3466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Panaderoa S, Hens G, Perez-Bendito D (1993) Simultaneous determination of warfarin and bromadiolone by derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 4:225–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the support of this work by Shiraz University Research Council

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Tashkhourian.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dehbozorgi, A., Tashkhourian, J. & Zare, S. Fluorescence Determination of Warfarin Using TGA-capped CdTe Quantum Dots in Human Plasma Samples. J Fluoresc 25, 1887–1895 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-015-1681-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-015-1681-3

Keywords

Navigation