Abstract
Attracting high numbers of adult females, extensive trapping prior to damage, and a pest species with a predominantly univoltine lifecycle, are important factors contributing to the success of mass-trapping programs. We conducted a mass-trapping experiment over 4 years, using yellow sticky traps and odor-baited funnel traps for control of the blowfly Calliphora vicina in stockfish production areas in Loften, Norway. Blowfly-related damage to fish in five mass-trapping sites was compared with damage at five control sites. Population monitoring established a connection between blowfly activity and damage. Blowfly activity in the period from mid-April to mid-May was correlated with damage to fish in the same year. Interception (sticky) traps, based on visual cues, caught blowflies during the early drying period, whereas odor-baited funnel traps were more effective during the later drying period, and continued to catch flies throughout the year until late autumn. In the funnel traps, 80% of the captured flies were females. Compared to control sites, mass trapping reduced overall damage to stockfish by 8–31%. In the final year of the experiment, we compared mass-trapping and control treatments, controlling for drying time period and sun exposure (which both contribute to damage), and found a damage reduction of 63%. Thus, mass-trapping with a female-attracting kairomone, and using traps of different functionality to extend the critical trapping period, in accord with pest phenology, is an efficient method for control of C. vicina in stockfish production
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aak, A. 2010. Mass trapping of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Norwegian stockfish production areas—lure development, damage reduction, and pest species phenology (PhD thesis., University of Oslo & The Norwegian Institute of Public Health).
Aak, A., Knudsen, G. K., and Soleng, A. 2010a. Wind tunnel behavioural response and field trapping of the blowfly Calliphora vicina. Med. Vet. Entomol. 24:250–257.
Aak, A., Birkemoe, T., and Mehl, R. 2010b. Blowfly (Diptera, Calliphoridae) damage on stockfish in northern Norway: pest species, damage assessment and the potential of mass trapping. J. Pest. Sci. 83:329–337.
Aak, A., Birkemoe, T., and Leinaas, H. P. 2011. Phenology and life history of the blowfly Calliphora vicina in stockfish production areas. Entomol Exp Appl in press.
Anderson, J.-M. E., Mcleod, L. J., Swan, A., and Kennedy, J. P. 1990. Trapping sheep blowflies using bait-bins. Aust. Vet. J. 67:93–97.
Angioy, A. M., Stensmyr, M. C., Urru, I., Puliafito, M., Collu, I., and Hansson, B. S. 2004. Function of the heater: the dead horse arum revisited. Proc. Royal Soc. London Series B-Biolog. Sci. 271:S13–S15.
Broce, A. B., Goodenough, J. L., and Coppedge, J. R. 1977. A wind oriented trap for screwworm flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 70:413–416.
Broughan, J. M. and Wall, R. 2006. Control of sheep blowfly strike using fly-traps. Vet. Parasitol. 135:57–63.
El-Sayed, A. M., Suckling, D. M., Wearing, C. H., and Byers, J. A. 2006. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:1550–1564.
El-Sayed, A. M., Suckling, D. M., Byers, J. A., Jang, E. B., and Wearing, C. H. 2009. Potential of “Lure and Kill” in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. J. Econ. Entomol. 102:815–835.
Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph 8 E. J. Brill. Leiden.
Green, C. H. and Warnes, M. L. 1992. Responses of female new world Screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax, to colored targets in the laboratory. Med. Vet. Entomol. 6:103–109.
Hall, M.-J. R., Hutchinson, R. A., Farkas, R., Adams, Z.-J. O., and Wyatt, N. P. 2003. A comparison of Lucitraps(R) and sticky targets for sampling the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17:280–287.
Horton, J. D., Champion, S. C., and Horton, B. J. 1999. Development of a simple method to assess the number of Lucilia cuprina caught in Lucitrap (R) fly traps. Wool Technol. Sheep Breeding 47:74–82.
Jiron, L. F. 1984. A Blowfly trap for standardized field sampling. Entomol. News 95:202–206.
Mackley, J. W. and Brown, H. E. 1984. Swormlure-4 a new formulation of the Swormlure-2 mixture as an attractant for adult screwworms Cochliomyia hominivorax Diptera Calliphoridae. J. Econ. Entomol. 77:1264–1268.
Morris, M. C. 2005. Tests on a new bait for flies (Diptera : Calliphoridae) causing cutaneous myiasis (flystrike) in sheep. N Z J Agric Res 48:151–156.
Navarro-Llopis, V., Alfaro, F., Dominguez, J., Sanchis, J., and Primo, J. 2008. Evaluation of traps and lures for mass trapping of Mediterranean fruit fly in citrus groves. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:126–131.
Phelan, P. L. and Baker, T. C. 1987. An attracticide for control of Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in almonds. J. Econ. Entomol. 80:779–783.
Rognes, K. 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. E.J. Brill. Leiden.
Smith, K. E. and Wall, R. 1998. Suppression of the blowfly Lucilia sericata using odour-baited triflumuron-impregnated targets. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12:430–437.
Sømme, L. and Gjessing, E. T. 1963. Insecticides for protection against blowflies in the stockfish industry. Pyrethrum Post 7:3–7.
Stensmyr, M. C., Urru, I., Collu, I., Celander, M., Hansson, B. S., and Angioy, A. M. 2002. Rotting smell of dead-horse arum florets—These blooms chemically fool flies into pollinating them. Nature 420:625–626.
Sturlason, S. 1226. Eigilssoga Epic Islandic saga.
Urech, R., Green, P. E., Rice, M. J., Brown, G. W., Webb, P., Jordan, D. et al. 2009. Suppression of populations of Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a novel blowfly trap. Aus. J. Entomol. 48:182–188.
Walker, D. J. and Donegan, L. 1984. Spray application of insecticides to protect sundrying fish from blowfly infestation during the wet season in Malawi. Int. Pest Control 26:132–137.
Wall, R. and Smith, K. E. 1996. Colour discrimination by the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata. Med. Vet. Entomol. 10:235–240.
Wall, R., Green, C. H., French, N., and Morgan, K. L. 1992. Development of an attractive target for the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata. Med. Vet. Entomol. 6:67–74.
Wall, R., Howard, J. J., and Bindu, J. 2001. The seasonal abundance of blowflies infesting drying fish in south-west India. J. Appl. Ecol. 38:339–348.
Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., and Cork, A. 2010. Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management. J. Chem. Ecol. 36:80–100.
Acknowledgements
This study was financed by the Fishery and Aquaculture Industry Research Fund, the Norwegian Stockfish Association (Tørrfiskforum), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Research Council of Norway. We would like to thank the stockfish producers Bjarne Notø, Ragnar Riksheim, Helge Haug, Johannes Langås, Ole E. Olsen, Ståle Olsen, Johan B. Larsen, and Øyvind Arntzen for participating in the project. We also thank Professor Eline B. Hågvar and Dr. Dag Hjerman for valuable comments on the manuscript
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aak, A., Birkemoe, T. & Knudsen, G.K. Efficient Mass Trapping: Catching the Pest, Calliphora vicina, (Diptera, Calliphoridae), of Norwegian Stockfish Production. J Chem Ecol 37, 924–931 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-011-9997-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-011-9997-1