Abstract
In this paper, the wettability of lead-free solders on substrates with fluxes was studied based on reflow process and Taguchi method. Effects of different control factors, including solder materials, fluxes, substrate materials and atmosphere on the wettability of the lead-free solder joints were examined and calculated. Moreover, the effect of rare earth Eu on the wetting of SnAgCu solder was investigated, the effect mechanism was analyzed too. The wettability optimal design in the lead-free solders system has the combination of the SnAgCu-0.04Eu solder, RMA flux, Au/Ni/Cu substrate, and vacuum atmosphere. Moreover, the flux is the most important factor among the control factors in the wettability system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Suganuma, K. Niihara, T. Shoutoku, Y. Nakamura, Wetting and interface microstructure between Sn-Zn binary alloys and Cu[J]. J. Mater. Res. 13(10), 2859–2865 (1998)
L. Zhang, K.N. Tu, Structure and properties of lead-free solders bearing micro and nano particles[J]. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 82, 1–32 (2014)
K. Suganuma, Advances in lead-free electronics soldering[J]. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 5(1), 55–64 (2001)
L. Zhang, J.H. Cui, J.G. Han, C.W. He, Y.H. Guo, J.M. Yuan, Finite element analysis of SnAgCu (Zn Co, Fe) lead-free solder joints for electronic packaging[J]. Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 15(3–4), 197–206 (2014)
L. Zhang, J.G. Han, Y.H. Guo, C.W. He, Effect of rare earth Ce on the fatigue life of SnAgCu solder joints in WLCSP device using FEM and experiments[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 597, 219–224 (2014)
C.Y. Ho, J.G. Duh, Wetting kinetics and wettability enhancement of Pad added electrolytic Ni surface with molten Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder[J]. Mater. Lett. 92, 278–280 (2013)
C.M.L. Wu, D.Q. Yu, C.M.T. Law, L. Wang, Properties of lead-free solder alloys with rare earth element additions[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 44(1), 1–44 (2004)
L. Zhang, C.W. He, Y.H. Guo, J.G. Han, Y.W. Zhang, X.Y. Wang, Development of SnAg-based lead-free solders in electronics packaging[J]. Microelectron. Reliab. 52(3), 559–578 (2012)
L. Zhang, S.B. Xue, L.L. Gao, G. Zeng, Z. Sheng, Y. Chen, S.L. Yu, Effects of rare earths on properties and microstructures of lead-free solder alloys[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 20(8), 685–694 (2009)
L.L. Gao, S.B. Xue, L. Zhang, Z. Sheng, G. Zeng, F. Ji, Effects of trace rare earth Nd addition on microstructure and properties of SnAgCu solder[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 21(7), 643–648 (2010)
Y.W. Shi, J. Tian, H. Hao, Z.D. Xia, Y.P. Lei, F. Guo, Effects of small amount addition of rare earth Er on microstructure and property of SnAgCu solder[J]. J. Alloys Compd. 453(1–2), 180–184 (2008)
L. Zhang, X.Y. Fan, Y.H. Guo, C.W. He, Properties enhancement of SnAgCu solders containing rare earth Yb[J]. Mater. Des. 57, 646–651 (2014)
C.S. Lau, M.Z. Abdullah, F.C. Ani, Optimization modeling of the cooling stage of reflow soldering process for ball grid array package using the gray-based Taguchi method[J]. Microelectron. Reliab. 52(6), 1143–1152 (2012)
Wu W., Qin F., Gao C., Zhu W.H. Thermal fatigue life optimization of QFN package based on Taguchi methods[C].13th International conference on electronic packaging technology and high density packaging, pp. 1128–1132 2012
L. Zhang, L. Sun, J.G. Han, Y.H. Guo, Reliability of lead-free solder joints in WLCSP device with finite element simulation and Taguchi method[J]. Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 15(6), 405–410 (2014)
M.H.C. Li, S.M. Hong, Optimal parameter design for chip-on-film technology using the Taguchi method[J]. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 25(1–2), 145–153 (2005)
W.R. Jong, H.C. Tsai, H.T. Chang, S.H. Peng, The effects of temperature cyclic loading on lead-free solder joints of wafer level chip scale package by Taguchi method[J]. J. Electron. Packag. 130(1), 011001 (2008)
A. Mertol, Application of the Taguchi method on the robust design of molded 225 plastic ball grid array packages[J]. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 18(4), 734–743 (1995)
F.J. Cheng, F. Gao, J.Y. Zhang, W.S. Jin, X. Xiao, Tensile properties and wettability of SAC0307 and SAC105 low Ag lead-free solder alloys[J]. J. Mater. Sci. 46(10), 3424–3429 (2011)
H. Wang, S.B. Xue, W.X. Chen, J.X. Wang, Effects of different fluxes on the characteristics of Sn-Zn solders[J]. Trans. China Weld. Inst. 30(1), 5–8 (2008)
J.X. Wang, S.B. Xue, Z.J. Han, N. Wang, S.L. Yu, Effects of temperature and coatings on wettability of Sn-Cu-Ni lead-free solder[J]. Trans. China Weld. Inst. 27(10), 53–56 (2006)
J.X. Wang, S.B. Xue, D.S. Fang, J.L. Ju, Z.J. Han, L.H. Yao, Effect of diode-laser parameters on shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 16, 1374–1378 (2006)
L. Zhang, J.G. Han, C.W. He, Y.H. Guo, Microstructures and properties of SnZn lead-free solder joints bearing La for electronic packaging[J]. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 59(12), 3269–3272 (2012)
Acknowledgments
The present work was carried out with the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China(51475220); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2012144) and the Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (12KJB460005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, L., Sun, L., Han, Jg. et al. Wettability optimization analysis of lead-free solders with Taguchi method. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 26, 2605–2608 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-2730-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-2730-z