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Iron oxide nanoparticles–cellulose: a comprehensive insight on nanoclusters formation

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Abstract

Due to unique nanoscale properties, as superparamagnetism, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) hybridized with cellulosic matrixes are an attractive material for environmental purposes. Previous studies obtained IONPs–cellulose clusters by the coprecipitation route. Nevertheless, the forces which bind IONPs and cellulosic matrixes and allow the nanocluster formation have not been well described. This study investigated the nanoclustering formation of superparamagnetic (SPM) IONPs and cellulosic materials. IONPs nanoclusters and hybrids were coprecipitated with microcrystalline cellulose (MC) in mass proportions of 1:0.5, 1:2, and 1:8. Lignocellulosic residues (LR) were also used as an organic matrix in mass proportions of 1:2. Dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the obtained IONPs-organic clusters present sizes between 1.46 ± 0.49 and 6.84 ± 3.15 µm. The MC and LR organic matrix size were decisive for the hybrids’ final cluster size. Scanning electron microscopy images of the materials show an irregular morphology due to particle aggregation, while hybrids showed fibril character and the presence of crystal IONPs deposition at their surfaces. Micro-Raman spectra showed assignments of hematite (α-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4), and wustite (FeO), as a result of the coprecipitation process. Magnetization assays showed that the obtained clustered hybrids present SPM behavior at room temperature, despite to the cellulosic backbone presence and size. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy brings light over the nanoclusters surface binding energies, evidencing the hydrogen bonding of the IONPs over the hydroxyl groups of MC and LR, clarifying the nanoclustering formation among heterogeneous IONPs and cellulosic matrixes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) project number 2018/11277-7; CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Project number 305819/2017-8 and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the support with scholarship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences-CECS, Universidade Federal Do ABC (UFABC), São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil

    Leonardo Zanata, Herculano S. Martinho & Derval S. Rosa

  2. Center for Natural and Human Sciences–CCNH, Universidade Federal Do ABC (UFABC), São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil

    Aryane Tofanello & José A. Souza

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  1. Leonardo Zanata
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Correspondence to Derval S. Rosa.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Micro-Raman assignments of the samples, as well as Pearson correlation between the C–C binding energies of the hybrids, are included in this work as Supplementary Material.

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Zanata, L., Tofanello, A., Martinho, H.S. et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles–cellulose: a comprehensive insight on nanoclusters formation. J Mater Sci 57, 324–335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06564-z

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