Abstract
The carbon gels obtained by polymerization of resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) are very attractive materials because a great variety of porous structures to be fitted in specific applications can be tailored by modifying the synthesis conditions. However, the application of RF carbon gels at industrial scale is principally limited by their high cost and by the long duration of the synthesis process. This article shows the strategies applied at different stages of the global process, synthesis, gelation-curing, and drying, which have been developed in order to lower the cost and the processing time of carbon gels. The use of monomers cheaper than R, as phenol or cresols, or of natural resources can lead to the formation of carbon gels with similar structure to that of RF carbon gels by selecting the appropriate synthesis conditions. The stages of gelation and curing can be shortened by using an inorganic acid as polymerization catalyst or by applying the ultrasound technique during the synthesis. Finally some drying techniques, as microwave or convective air drying, cheaper and/or faster than drying by supercritical CO2 are revised.
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Notes
Phloroglucinol is more expensive than resorcinol; however, its combination with phenol (cheaper than resorcinol) in appropriate amounts may result in a lower final cost of the synthesis than when only resorcinol is used as monomer.
The RF and C mF gels dried by ambient pressure are usually called aerogels in the literature because the method used can be considered as a modified method coming from typical aerogel preparations, and the products obtained have structures and properties similar, including low densities, to that of typical aerogels prepared with a supercritical drying technique.
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The author gratefully acknowledges Spanish financial support from MICINN, project CTQ2011-27935.
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Rojas-Cervantes, M.L. Some strategies to lower the production cost of carbon gels. J Mater Sci 50, 1017–1040 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8617-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8617-1