Abstract
Self-organized and highly ordered titania nanotube arrays (TNAs) were prepared through electrochemical anodic oxidization on a titanium foil in 0.5 wt.% hydrofluoric acid (HF) electrolyte. The current density and morphology images during the formation process of TNAs were studied. Results show that the formation of TNAs includes the following processes. Initially, dense oxide of titania was rapidly formed on the titanium surface, followed by small pore formation. The adjacent small pores were then integrated and become larger pores. At the same time, small tubes were transformed. These small tubes were further integrated into larger tubes until the primary tube formation. Finally, the tubular structure was gradually optimized and eventually developed into the highly ordered TNAs. A model was proposed to explain the formation mechanism of TNAs fabricated on a titanium foil in HF acid electrolyte.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Miao Z, Xu D, Ouyang J, Guo G, Zhao X, Tang Y (2002) Nano Lett 2:717
Limmer SJ, Chou TP, Cao GZ (2004) J Mater Sci 39:895
Kasuga T, Hiramatsu M, Hoson A, Sekino T, Niihara K (1998) Langmuir 14:3160
Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, Hu W, Singh RS, Chen Z, Dickey EC (2001) J Mater Res 16:3331
Maggie P, Karthik S, Sorachon Y, Haripriya EP, Oomman KV, Mor GK, Thomas AL, Adriana F, Grimes CA (2006) J Phys Chem B 110:16179
Mor GK, Oomman KV, Maggie P, Karthik S, Grimes CA (2006) Sol Energ Mater Sol C 90:2011
Vitiello RP, Macak JM, Ghicov A, Tsuchiya H, Dick LFP, Schmuki P (2006) Electrochem Commun 8:544
Chuanmin R, Maggie P, Oomman KV, Grimes CA (2005) Sol Energ Mater Sol C 90:1283
Karthik S, Kong CT, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2006) J Phys D: Appl Phys 39:2361
Xie YB (2005) Electrochim Acta 51:3399
Lai YK, Sun L, Chen YC, Zhuang HF, Lin CJ, Chin JW (2006) J Electrochem Soc 153:123
Quan X, Yang SG, Ruan XL, Zhao HM (2005) Environ Sci Technol 39:3770
Xie Y (2006) Nanotechnology 17:3340
Mor GK, Oomman KV, Maggie P, Grimes CA (2003) Sensor Lett 1:42
Oomman KV, Maggie P, Karthik S, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2005) J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:1158
Mor GK, Shankar K, Paulose M, Varghese OK, Grimes CA (2006) Nano Lett 6:215
Jong HP, Kim SW, Bard AJ (2006) Nano Lett 6:24
Macak JM, Hiroaki T, Andrej G, Schmuki P (2005) Electrochem Commun 7:1133
Maggie P, Karthik S, Oomman KV, Mor GK, Grimes CA (2006) J Phys D: Appl Phys 39:2498
Wang H, Yip CT, Cheung KY, Djurisic AB, Xie MH, Leung YH, Chan WK (2006) Appl Phys Lett 89
Andrei G, Macak JM, Hiroaki T, Julia K, Volker H, Lothar F, Schmuki P (2006) Nano Lett 6:1080
Andrei G, Macak JM, Hiroaki T, Julia K, Volker H, Sebastian K, Schmuki P (2006) Chem Phys Lett 419:426
Zhao JL, Wang XH, Sun TY, Li LT (2005) Nanotechnology 16:2450
Wang M, Guo DJ, Li HL (2005) J Solid Stage Chem 178:1996
Mor GK, Oomman KV, Maggie P, Niloy M, Grimes CA (2003) J Mater Res 18:2588
Macak JM, Hiroaki T, Schmuki P (2005) Angew Chem Int Ed 44:2100
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 20677039), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 05nm05004) and the Program of New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-04-0406). Thanks for support of FE-SEM lab in Instrumental Analysis Center of SJTU.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, J., Zhou, B., Li, L. et al. The formation mechanism of titania nanotube arrays in hydrofluoric acid electrolyte. J Mater Sci 43, 1880–1884 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2418-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2418-8