Skip to main content
Log in

Synthesis, characterization of N-heterocyclic carbene metallacrown palladium complex and catalytic activities in Suzuki and Heck coupling reaction

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A series of new N-heterocyclic carbene Metllacrown palladium complexes with a highly flexible polyether-bridged chain (CH2OCH2) n (n = 1–3) have been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding silver complexes and PdCl2(CH3CN)2 in acetonitrile. Complexes 7a,b9a,b have been structurally characterized. A single-crystal X-ray study of palladium complex 1,1′-(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)bis[3-(1-naphthalenemethyl) imidazol-2-ylidene] palladium hexafluorophosphate 7a adopt a cis configuration. They exhibited excellent catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyoura and Heck coupling of aryl bromide in the presence of KOH.

Graphical abstract

A series of new N-heterocyclic carbene metallacrown palladium (II) complexes have been synthesized. These palladium complexes show excellent catalytic activity in Suzuki and Heck coupling reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Böhm, V.P.W., Gstöttmayr, C.W.K., Weskamp, T., Herrmann, W.A.: N-Heterocyclic carbenes: part 26. N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes of palladium(0): synthesis and application in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. J. Organomet. Chem. 595, 186–190 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Crudden, C.M., Allen, D.P.: Stability and reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 2247–2273 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Christmann, U., Ramón, V.D.: Monoligated palladium species as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 366–374 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Marion, N., Navarro, O., Mei, J., Stevens, E.D., Scott, N.M., Nolan, S.P.: Modified (NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes for room-temperature Suzuki−Miyaura and Buchwald−Hartwig reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 4101–4111 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Monvcada, A.I., Manne, S., Tanski, J.M., Slaughter, L.M.: Modular chelated palladium diaminocarbene complexes: synthesis, characterization, and optimization of catalytic Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling activity by ligand modification. Organometallics 25, 491–505 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Huynh, H.V., Seow, H.X.: Synthesis and structural characterization of palladium dicarbene complexes bearing labile co-ligands. Aust. J. Chem. 62, 983–987 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker, M.V., Brown, D.H., Simpson, P.V., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H., Williams, C.C.: Palladium, rhodium and platinum complexes of ortho-xylyl-linked bis-N-heterocyclic carbenes: synthesis, structure and catalytic activity. J. Organomet. Chem. 691, 5845–5855 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Baker, M.V., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H., Williams, C.C.: Palladium carbene complexes derived from imidazolium-linked ortho-cyclophanes. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 111–120 (2001)

  9. Baker, M.V., Brown, D.H., Simpson, P.V., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H.: Synthesis and characterisation of alkoxybenzimidazolin-2-ylidene palladium complexes: the effect of ancillary ligands on the behaviour of pre-catalysts. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1977–1988 (2009)

  10. Peris, E., Crabtree, R.H.: Recent homogeneous catalytic applications of chelate and pincer N-heterocyclic carbenes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 2239–2246 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chiu, P.L., Chen, C.Y., Zeng, J.Y., Lu, C.Y., Lee, H.M.: Coordination polymers of silver(I) with bis(N-heterocyclic carbene): structural characterization and carbene transfer. J. Organomet. Chem. 690, 1682–1687 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Magill, A.M., McGuinness, D.S., Cavell, K.J., Britovsek, G.J.P., Gibson, V.C., White, A.J.P., Williams, D.J., White, A.H., Skelton, B.W.: Palladium(II) complexes containing mono-, bi- and tridentate carbene ligands. Synthesis, characterisation and application as catalysts in C—C coupling reactions. J. Organomet. Chem. 617, 546–560 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Caballero, E., Díez-Barra, F.A., Jalón, S., Merino, J.: 1,1′-(Pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(3-benzyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene), a new multidentate N-heterocyclic biscarbene and its silver(I) complex derivative. J. Organomet. Chem. 617–618, 395–398 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Coleman, K.S., Turberville, S., Pascu, S.I., Green, M.L.H.: Synthesis of a new bidentate ferrocenyl N-heterocyclic carbene ligand precursor and the palladium (II) complex trans-[PdCl2(C#fc#C)], where (C#fc#C) = 1,1′-di-tert-butyl-3,3′-(1,1′-dimethyleneferrocenyl)-diimidazol-2-ylidene. J. Organomet. Chem. 690, 653–658 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang, J.-W., Li, Q.-S., Xu, F.-B., Song, H.-B., Zhang, Z.-Z.: Synthetic and structural studies of silver(I)- and gold(I)-containing N-heterocyclic carbene metallacrown ethers. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1310–1316 (2006)

  16. Herrmann, W.A., Schwarz, J., Gardiner, M.G.: High-yield syntheses of sterically demanding bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes of palladium. Organometallics 18, 4082–4089 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee, H.M., Lu, C.Y., Chen, C.Y., Chen, W.L., Lin, H.C., Chiu, P.L., Cheng, P.Y.: Palladium complexes with ethylene-bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) for C–C coupling reactions. Tetrahedron 60, 5807–5825 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nielsen, D.J., Cavell, K.J., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H.: Silver(I) and palladium(II) complexes of an ether-functionalized quasi-pincer bis-carbene ligand and its alkyl analogue. Organometallics 25, 4850–4856 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gary, G.M., Varshney, A., Duffey, C.H.: [cis,cis,trans-RuCl2(CO)2{Ph2P(CH2CH2O) n CH2CH2PPh2-P,P′}] m (n = 4, 5; m = 1, 2,…) metallacrown ethers. X-ray crystal structures of cis,cis,trans-RuCl2(CO)2{Ph2P(CH2CH2O)4CH2CH2PPh2-P,P′}, a complex which exhibits rotational isomers in the solid state, and [cis,cis,trans-RuCl2(CO)2{μ-Ph2P(CH2CH2O)4CH2CH2PPh2-P,P′}]2, an unusual dimetallacrown ether. Organometallics 14, 238–244 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chianese, A.R., Li, X., Janzen, M.C., Faller, J.W., Crabtree, R.H.: Rhodium and iridium complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes via transmetalation: structure and dynamics. Organometallics 22, 1663–1667 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nielsen, D.J., Cavell, K.J., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H.: Competition between carbene and pseudo η3-Allyl bonding modes in a palladium(II) complex of a functionalized bis(imidazolium) ligand. Organometallics 20, 995–1000 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McGuinness, D.S., Cavell, K.J.: Donor-functionalized heterocyclic carbene complexes of palladium(II): efficient catalysts for C–C coupling reactions. Organometallics 19, 741–748 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Shokouhimehr, M., Lee, Y.-S.: Polymer-supported N-heterocyclic carbene–palladium complex for heterogeneous Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. J. Org. Chem. 70, 6714–6720 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang, R., Twamley, B., Shreeve, J.M.: A highly efficient, recyclable catalyst for C–C coupling reactions in ionic liquids: pyrazolyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complex of palladium(II). J. Org. Chem. 71, 426–429 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Brendgen, T., Frank, M., Schatz, J.: The Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides in aqueous media catalyzed by in situ generated Calix[4]arene-based N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2378 (2006)

  26. Zhang, F.-L., Yu, Z.-K.: Pyridyl-supported pyrazolyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and the catalytic activity of their palladium complexes in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. J. Org. Chem. 71, 5274–5281 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tao, B., Boykin, D.W.: Simple amine/Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reactions of aryl bromides under mild aerobic conditions. J. Org. Chem. 69, 4330–4335 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gossage, R.A., Jenkins, H.A., Yadav, P.N.: Application of an air stable Pd oxazoline complex for Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira and related C–C bond-forming reactions. Tetrahedron Lett. 45, 7689–7691 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Herrmann, W.A., Elison, M., Fischer, J., Kocher, C., Artus, G.R.J.: Metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes—a new structural principle for catalysts in homogeneous catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 2371–2374 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gardiner, M.G., Herrmann, W.A., Reisinger, C.-P., Schwarz, J., Spiegler, M.: Dicationic chelating N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of palladium: new catalysts for the copolymerisation of C2H4 and CO. J. Organomet. Chem. 572, 239–247 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shi, M., Qian, H.: A new dimeric bidentated NHC–Pd(II) complex from trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine for Suzuki reaction and Heck reaction. Tetrahedron 61, 4949–4955 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge financial support from the Research Fund for the Education Department of Shanxi Province (No. 2010111) and the financial support from the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province (No. 2009011059-7) and the Shanxi Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2006011069 and No. 2011011006-4).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun-Wen Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, JW., Gao, LY., Meng, FH. et al. Synthesis, characterization of N-heterocyclic carbene metallacrown palladium complex and catalytic activities in Suzuki and Heck coupling reaction. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 73, 119–128 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-011-0031-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-011-0031-6

Keywords

Navigation