Skip to main content
Log in

Experimental Analysis of Radar Odometry by Commercial Ultralight Radar Sensor for Miniaturized UAS

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Autonomous navigation of miniaturized Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in complex environments, when Global Positioning System is unreliable or not available, is still an open issue. This paper contributes to that topic exploring the use of radar-only odometry by existing commercial ultralight radars. The focus is set on an end-to-end Multiple-Target Tracking strategy compliant with desired sensor and platform, which exploits both range and bearing measurements provided by the radar. A two-dimensional odometry approach is then implemented. Main results show real-time capabilities and standard deviation of errors in Forward and Cross-range directions smaller than 1.50 m and 3.00 m, respectively. Field test data are also used to discuss the potential of this technique, challenging issues, and future improvements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. De Wagter, C., Tijmons, S., Remes, B.D.W., de Croon, G.C.H.E.: Autonomous flight of a 20-gram Flapping Wing MAV with a 4-gram onboard stereo vision system. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 4982–4987 (2014)

  2. Vetrella, A., Fasano, G., Renga, A., Accardo, D.: Cooperative UAV navigation based on distributed multi-antenna GNSS, vision, and MEMS sensors. In: 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1128–1137 (2015)

  3. Weiss, S., Scaramuzza, D., Siegwart, R.: Vision based MAV navigation in unknown and unstructured environments. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 21–28 (2010)

  4. Achtelik, M., Achtelik, M., Weiss, S., Siegwart, R.: Onboard IMU and monocular vision based control for MAVs in unknown in- and outdoor environments. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 3056–3063 (2011)

  5. Vetrella, A.R., Savvaris, A., Fasano, G., Accardo, D.: RGB-D camera-based quadrotor navigation in GPS-denied and low light environments using known 3D markers. In: 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 185–192 (2015)

  6. Accardo, D., Fasano, G., Forlenza, L., Moccia, A.: A.rispoli Flight test of a radar-based tracking system for UAS sense and avoid. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 49, 1139–1160 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Moses, A.A., Rutherford, M.J., Kontitsis, M., Valavanis, K.P.: UAV-Borne X-band radar for MAV collision avoidance. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8045, Unmanned Systems Technology XIII 80450U (2011)

  8. Caris, M., et al.: SARApe - Synthetic aperture radar for all weather penetrating UAV application. In: 2013 14th International Radar Symposium (IRS), pp. 41–46 (2013)

  9. Itcia, E., Wasselin, J.-P., Mazuel, S., Otten, M., Huizing, A.: FMCW Radar for the sense function of sense and avoid systems onboard UAVs. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 8899, Emerging Technologies in Security and Defence; and Quantum Security II; and Unmanned Sensor Systems X 889914 (2013)

  10. Online: http://www.radar-sensor.com/products/radar-modules/sr-1200/

  11. Scannapieco, A.F., Renga, A., Fasano, G., Moccia, A.: Ultralight radar sensor for autonomous operations by micro-UAS. In: 2016 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 727–735 (2016)

  12. Kopardekar, P.: Safely Enabling Low-Altitude Airspace Operations: Unmanned Aerial System Traffic Management (UTM). Online: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20150006814.pdf (2015)

  13. Quist, E.B.: UAV Navigation and Radar Odometry, All theses and dissertations. Paper 4439 (2015)

  14. Zhang, J., Singh, S.: Low-drift and real-time lidar odometry and mapping, Autonomous Robots (2017)

  15. Nister, D., Naroditsky, O., Bergen, J.: Visual odometry. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004, 1, pp. I-652-I-659 (2004)

  16. Knott, E.F.: “Radar Cross Section” in Radar Handbook. McGraw Hill, New York (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kauffman, K., Raquet, J., Morton, Y.T.J., Garmatyuk, D.: Real-time UWB-OFDM radar-based navigation in unknown terrain. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 49(3), 1453–1466 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Quist, E., Beard, R.: Radar odometry on Fixed-Wing small unmanned aircraft. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 52(1), 396–410 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Quist, E., Niedfeldt, P., Beard, R.: Radar Odometry with recursive-RANSAC. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 52(4), 1618–1630 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Scaramuzza, D., Fraundorfer, F.: Visual odometry part I: the 1st 30 years and fundamentals. IEEE Robot. Autom. Magazine 18(4), 80–92 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Scannapieco, A.F., Renga, A., Moccia, A.: Preliminary Study of a Millimeter Wave FMCW inSAR for UAS Indoor Navigation. Sensors 15(2), 2309–2335 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Howland, P.E., Griffiths, H.D., Baker, C.J.: Passive bistatic radar systems. In: Bistatic Radars: Emerging Technology. Wiley, New York (2008)

  23. Scannapieco, A.F., Renga, A., Moccia, A.: Investigation on radar-based applications for mini-UAS and MAVs. In: 2016 17th International Radar Symposium (IRS), pp. 1–6 (2016)

  24. Kohlbrecher, S., von Stryk, O., Meyer, J., Klingauf, U.: A flexible and scalable slam system with full 3d motion estimation. In: 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics, pp. 155–160 (2011)

  25. Steinbrücker, F., Sturm, J., Cremers, D.: Real-Time Visual Odometry from Dense RGB-D Images. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), pp. 719–722 (2011)

  26. De Lellis, E., Corraro, F., Greco, G., Fasano, G., Accardo, D.: Exploiting Forward Looking Radar Measurements and Digital Map Data Fusion for Altimetry Estimation during Low-altitude Flight Infotech@Aerospace (2011)

  27. Cook, C.E., Bernfeld, M.: Radar Signals, An Introduction to Theory and Application, Artech House (1993)

  28. Ulaby, F.T., Moore, R.K., Fung, A.K.: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. II – Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Moccia, A.: Synthetic Aperture Radar. In: Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, pp. 1–13. Wiley, Chichester (2010)

  30. Oppenheim, A.V., Willsky, A.S., Nawab, S.H.: Signals and systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Blackman, S., Popoli, R.: Design and analysis of modem tracking systems, artech house boston (1999)

  32. Rohling, H.: Radar CFAR thresholding in clutter and multiple target situations. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-19(4), 608–621 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rohling, H.: Some radar topics: Waveform Design, Range CFAR and Target Recognition. In: Advances in Sensing with Security Applications, pp. 293–322. Springer, Netherlands (2006)

  34. Novak, L.M.: Radar target detection and map-matching algorithm studies. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-16, 620–625 (1980)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Hansent, V.C., Sawyers, J.H.: Detectability loss due to ’greatest of’ selection in a cell-averaging CFAR. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-16, 115–118 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Moore, J.D., Lawrence, N.B.: Comparison of Two CFAR Methods Used with Square Law Detection of Swerling I Targets. IEEE International Radar Conference. Washington, D.C (1980)

  37. Weiss, M.: Analysis of some modified cell averaging CFAR processors in multiple-target situations. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-18, 102–114 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Trunk, G.V.: Range resolution of targets using automatic detectors. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-14, 750–755 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Rickard, J.T., Dillard, G.M.: Adaptive detection algorithms for multiple-target situations. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES-13, 338–343 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Dillard, G.M., Rickard, J.T.: A distribution-free Doppler processor. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 26, 479–486 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Blackman, S.: Multiple hypothesis tracking for multiple target tracking. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 19(1), 5–18 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bar-Shalom, Y., Li, X.-R.: Estimation and tracking: principles, Techniques and Software. Artech House, Dedham (1993)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  43. Munkres, J.: Algorithms for the assignment and transportation problems. Journal of the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 5, 32–38 (1957)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Bourgeois, F., Lassalle, J.-C.: An extension of the munkres algorithm for the assignment problem to rectangular matrices. Commun. ACM 14(12), 802–804 (1971)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Bucy, R.S., Joseph, P.D.: Filtering for Stochastic Processes with Applications to Guidance. Interscience Publishers, New York (1968)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. Simon, W., Klein, T., Litschke, O.: Small and light 24 GHz multi-channel radar, pp. 987–988 (2014)

  47. Kaplan, E.D., Hegarty, C.: Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications. Artech House, Norwood (2005)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank Roberto Opromolla and Amedeo R. Vetrella for their valuable support during experimental campaign.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonio Fulvio Scannapieco.

Additional information

This work has been supported by Regione Campania within the framework of European Social Fund “P.O. Campania 2007/2013-2014/2020”. Part of this research was also carried out in the framework of “Programma STAR”, financially supported by UniNA and Compagnia di San Paolo, and in the framework of “Programma per il finanziamento della ricerca di Ateneo” funded by UniNA.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Scannapieco, A.F., Renga, A., Fasano, G. et al. Experimental Analysis of Radar Odometry by Commercial Ultralight Radar Sensor for Miniaturized UAS. J Intell Robot Syst 90, 485–503 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-017-0688-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-017-0688-1

Keywords

Navigation