Skip to main content
Log in

Speed up gradual rule mining from stream data! A B-Tree and OWA-based approach

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gradual rules allow users to be provided with rules describing the ordering correlations among attributes. Such a rule is for instance given by the higher the salary and the lower the number of cars, the higher the number of tourist travels. Previously intensively used in fuzzy command systems, these rules were manually provided to the system. More recently, they have received attention from the data mining community and methods have been defined to automatically extract and maintain gradual rules from numerical databases. However, no method has been shown to be able to handle data streams, as no method is scalable enough to manage the high rate which stream data arrive at. In this paper, we thus propose an original approach to mine data streams for gradual rules. Our method is based on B-Trees and OWA (Ordered Weighted Aggregation) operator in order to speed up the process. B-Trees are used to store already-known gradual rules in order to maintain the knowledge over time, while OWA operators provide a fast way to discard non relevant data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. If a tuple has an attribute lower or higher than the minimum or maximum value predefined, such value can be normalized as 0 (for the minimum) or 1 (for the maximum).

References

  • Aggarwal, C. (2007). Data streams: Models and algorithms. New York: Springer.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Alon, N., Matias, Y., & Szegedy, M. (1996). The space complexity of approximating the frequency moments. In Proc. of the 28th annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC’96) (pp. 20–29).

  • Berzal, F., Cubero, J., Sanchez, D., Vila, M., & Serrano, J. (2007). An alternative approach to discover gradual dependencies. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems (IJUFKS), 15(5), 559–570.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B. H. (1970). Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors. Communications of the ACM, 13(7), 422–426.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Calders, T., Dexters, N., & Goethals, B. (2007). Mining frequent itemsets in a stream. In Proc. of the IEEE int. conference on data mining (ICDM’07) (pp. 83–92).

  • Calders, T., Dexters, N., & Goethals, B. (2008). Mining frequent items in a stream using flexible windows. Journal of Intelligent Data Analysis, 12(3), 293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charikar, M., Chen, K., & Farach-Colton, M. (2004). Finding frequent items in data streams. Theoretical Computer Sciences, 312(1), 3–15.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, Y., Wang, H., Yu, P., & Muntz, R. (2004). Moment: Maintaining closed frequent itemsets over a stream sliding window. In Proc. of the IEEE int. conference on data mining (ICDM’04).

  • Coenen, F., Goulbourne, G., & Leng, P. (2004). Tree structures for mining association rules. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8(1), 25–51.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Giannella, G., Han, J., Pei, J., Yan, X., & Yu, P. (2003). Mining frequent patterns in data streams at multiple time granularities. In Next generation data mining. Cambridge: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, S., Matarazzo, B., Pappalardo, N., & Slowinski, R. (2006). Measuring expected effects of interventions based on decision rules. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(1–2).

  • Greenwa, M., & Khanna, S. (2001). Space-efficient online computation of quantile summaries. In Proc. of the ACM int. conference on management of data (SIGMOD’01) (pp. 56–66).

  • Han, J., Chen, Y., Dong, G., Pei, J., Wah, B., Wang, J., et al. (2005). Stream cube: An architecture for multi-dimensional analysis of data streams. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 18(2), 173–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, J., Pei, J., Mortazavi-asl, B., Chen, Q., Dayal, U., & Hsu, M. (2000). Freespan: Frequent pattern-projected sequential pattern mining. In Proc. of ACM int. conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD’00).

  • Han, J., Pei, J., Yin, Y., & Mao, R. (2004). Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8, 53–87.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Hüllermeier, E. (2002). Association rules for expressing gradual dependences. In Proc. of the 6th Eu. conf. on principles of data mining and knowledge discovery (PKDD’02) (pp. 200–211).

  • Jorio, L. D., Laurent, A., & Teisseire, M. (2008). Fast extraction of gradual association rules: A heuristic based method. In IEEE/ACM int. conference on soft computing as transdisciplinary science and technology (CSTST).

  • Jorio, L. D., Laurent, A., & Teisseire, M. (2009). Mining for gradualness over time using sequential patterns. In Intelligent decision technologies (IDT’09).

  • Li, H.-F., Lee, S., & Shan, M.-K. (2004). An efficient algorithm for mining frequent itemsets over the entire history of data streams. In Proc. of 1st int. workshop on knowledge discovery in data streams.

  • Manku, G., & Motwani, R. (2002). Approximate frequency counts over data streams. In Proc.of 28th int. conf. very large databases.

  • Masseglia, F., Poncelet, P., Teisseire, M., & Marascu, A. (2008). Web usage mining: extracting unexpected periods from web logs. Data Mining and Knowledge Discover, 16(1), 39–65.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. J., & Yang, Y. (1997). Association rules over interval data. In SIGMOD ’97: Proceedings of the 1997 ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data (pp. 452–461).

  • Nag, B., Deshpande, P. M., & DeWitt, D. J. (1999). Using a knowledge cache for interactive discovery of association rules. In KDD ’99: Proceedings of the fifth ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 244–253).

  • Raissi, C., Poncelet, P., & Teisseire, M. (2006). Speed: Mining maximal sequential patterns over data streams. In Proc. of the 3rd IEEE int. conference on intelligent systems (IS2006).

  • Raissi, C., Poncelet, P., & Teisseire, M. (2007). Towards a new approach for mining maximal frequent itemsets over data stream. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS), 28(1), 23–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ras, Z., & Wieczorkowska, A. (2000). Action rules: how to increase profit of a company. In Proceedings of the principles of data mining and knowledge discovery (PKDD 00) (pp. 587–592). Lyon, France.

  • Skowron, A., & Synak, P. (2006). Planning based on reasoning about information changes. In Rough sets and current trends in computing (pp. 165–173).

  • Stollnitz, E. J., Derose, T. D., & Salesin, D. H. (1996). Wavelets for computer graphics: Theory and applications. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teng, W.-G., Chen, M.-S., & Yu, P. (2003). A regression-based temporal patterns mining schema for data streams. In Proc. of 29th int. conf. very large databases (VLDB’03) (pp. 93–104).

  • Torra, V. (1997). The weighted owa operator. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 12, 153–166.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Torra, V. (2004). Owa operators in data modeling and re-identification. IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems, 12(5), 652–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torra, V., & Narukawa, Y. (2007). Modeling decisions: Information fusion and aggregation operators. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torra, V., & Nin, J. (2008). Record linkage for database integration using fuzzy integrals. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 23(6), 715–734.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tsay, L.-S., & Ras, Z. (2005). Action rules discovery system dear, method and experiments. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(1–2), 119–128.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tzacheva, A., & Ras, Z. (2005). Action rules mining. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 20(7), 719–736.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, K., Vyas, O., & Vyas, R. (2005). Temporal approach to association rule mining using t-tree and p-tree. In Machine learning and data mining in pattern recognition. Lecture notes in computer sciences (Vol. 3587, pp. 651–659). Springer.

  • Vitter, J. S. (1985). Random sampling with a reservoir. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 11(1), 37–57.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Yager, R. R. (1988). On ordered weighted averaging aggregation operators in multi-criteria decision making. IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 18, 183–190.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Yager, R. R. (1993). Families of owa operators. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 59, 125–148.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Partial support by the European Community through the 7th Framework Programme Marie Curie Intra-European fellowship, contract No 235226 is acknowledged. Partial support by the Spanish MEC and Generalitat de Catalunya (projects ARES – CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00004, eAEGIS – TSI2007-65406-C03-02 and 2009-SGR-7) is also acknowledged This work was also done in the context of the French ANR Project MIDAS (AND-07-MDCO-008).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jordi Nin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nin, J., Laurent, A. & Poncelet, P. Speed up gradual rule mining from stream data! A B-Tree and OWA-based approach. J Intell Inf Syst 35, 447–463 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-009-0112-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-009-0112-9

Keywords

Navigation