Abstract
The morphological structure of Japanese predicate forms with the morphemes /te/, /ta/, /tara/, /tari/, and /taQte/ (the t-morphemes) has been a point of contention. Modern grammarians have tended to consider the t-morphemes as inflectional affixes that directly follow the stem (the “attachment-to-stem” analysis). On the other hand, in the current school grammar (gakkoo bunpoo), as well as in some contemporary scholarly works, they are regarded as particles or the like following the infinitive form (ren’yookei) of a predicate (the “attachment-to-infinitive” analysis). This paper argues for the second view. With experimental data, it will be demonstrated that a t-morpheme may be separated from its host (the preceding item) by an accent phrase boundary with the host having the accent pattern expected for an infinitive form whereas inflectional affixes like /reba/ (provisional) and /ru/ (present indicative) lack this property. This prosodic contrast agrees well with the “attachment-to-infinitive” analysis while it is hard to account for under the “attachment-to-stem” analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bekki, Daisuke. 2010. Nihongo bunpoo no keishiki riron: Katsuyoo taikei, toogo koozoo, imi goosei [Formal theory of Japanese grammar: Conjugation paradigm, syntactic structure, and semantic composition]. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
Bloch, Bernard. 1946. Studies in colloquial Japanese I: Inflection. Journal of the American Oriental Society 66: 97–130.
Booij, Geert. 2007. The grammar of words: An introduction to linguistic morphology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davis, Stewart, and Natsuko Tsujimura. 1991. An autosegmental account of Japanese verbal conjugation. Journal of Japanese Linguistics 13: 117–144.
Dixon, R.M.W. 2010. Basic linguistic theory, volume 1: Methodology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010. A history of the Japanese language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gimon. 1844. Katsugo shinan [A guide to conjugation]. Reprinted in Gimon. 1976. Katsugo shinan, Tomokagami, Wagosetsu no ryakuzu. Tokyo: Benseisha.
Halpern, Aaron L. 2001. Clitics. In The handbook of morphology, ed. A. Spencer, and A.M. Zwicky, 101–122. New York: Blackwell.
Hashimoto, Shinkichi. 1948. Shinbunten bekki: Koogohen [An addendum to New grammar: Modern Japanese]. Tokyo: Fuzambo.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2000. Periphrasis. In Morphology: An international handbook on inflection and word-formation, vol. 1, ed. G. Booij, C. Lehmann, and J. Mugdam, 654–664. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, Martin, and Andrea D. Sims. 2010. Understanding morphology, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Iwasaki, Shoichi. 2002. Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kubozono, Haruo. 1993. The organization of Japanese prosody. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
McCawley, James D. 1968. The phonological component of a grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton.
Martin, Samuel E. 1967. On the accent pattern of Japanese adjectives. Language 43: 183–222.
Martin, Samuel E. 1987. The Japanese language through time. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Martin, Samuel E. 1988. A reference grammar of Japanese. 1st Tuttle ed. Rutland: Tuttle.
Nakamatsu, Takeo. 1999. Okinawago no bunpoo [The grammar of Okinawan language]. New ed. Naha: Genken Shuppan.
Narrog, Heiko. 1998. Nihongo dooshi no katsuyoo taikei [The inflection system of Japanese verbs]. Nihongo Kagaku 4: 7–30.
Nishiyama, Kunio. 1999. Adjectives and the copulas in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: 183–222.
Oshima, David Y. 2006. Boundary tones or prominent particles? Variation in Japanese focus-marking contours. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, vol. 31, no. 1, ed. R. T. Cover and Y. Kim, 453–464. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley.
Rickmeyer, Jens. 1995. Japanische Morphosyntax. Heidelberg: Julius Groos.
Sasaki, Kan. 2005. Nihongo dooshi keitairon ni okeru inritsuteki tan’itsusei [Prosodic uniformity in Japanese predicate morphology]. In The Handbook of the 130th Meeting of Linguistic Society of Japan, 152–157. Kyoto: Linguistic Society of Japan.
Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sunakawa, Yuriko, Satoshi Komada, Mitsuko Shimoda, Mutsumi Suzuki, Sayo Tsutsui, Akiko Hasunuma, Andrej Bekes, and Junko Morimoto, eds. 1998. Kyooshi to gakushuusha no tame no nihongo bunkei jiten [A dictionary of Japanese phrase patterns for teachers and learners]. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
Suzuki, Shigeyuki. 1972. Nihongo bunpoo/keitairon [Japanese syntax and morphology]. Tokyo: Mugi Shobo.
Suzuki, Shigeyuki. 1996. Keitairon: Josetsu [Morphology: Prolegomena]. Tokyo: Mugi Shobo.
Takahashi, Taro, Hisakazu Kaneko, Akihiro Kaneda, Michiko Sai, Tai Suzuki, Jun’ichi Suda, and Hirotake Matsumoto. 2005. Nihongo no bunpoo [Japanese grammar]. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
Teramura, Hideo. 1984. Nihongo no shintakusu to imi [The syntax and meaning of Japanese], vol. 2. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
Todoroki, Yasuko. 1993. Tookyoogo no bunmatsushi no onchoo to keiyooshi/dooshi no akusento ni tsuite [On the tonal properties of sentence-final particles and accents of adjectives/verbs in the Tokyo dialect]. Studium 20: 14–34. Osaka University of Foreign Studies.
Tsujimura, Natsuko. 2007. An introduction to Japanese linguistics, 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell.
Vance, Timothy J. 1993. Are Japanese particles clitics? The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 27: 3–33.
Vance, Timothy J. 2008. The sounds of Japanese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watanabe, Minoru. 1997. Nihongoshi gaisetsu [An overview of the history of the Japanese language]. Tokyo: Iwanami.
Yamaguchi, Akiho, and Morihide Akimoto, eds. 2001. Nihongo bunpoo daijiten [A dictionary of Japanese grammar]. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oshima, D.Y. On the morphological status of -te, -ta, and related forms in Japanese: evidence from accent placement. J East Asian Linguist 23, 233–265 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10831-014-9120-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10831-014-9120-z