Abstract
A tremendous amount of research on Hopewellian societies in the Northern Woodlands of the United States has been conducted within the last decade. This article summarizes the main themes and directions of that current research and presents a general model of Hopewellian societies. Local communities appear to have been small in size and relatively sedentary; sets of these communities shared a greater sense of cultural identity within a lineage and possibly clan organization, with each riverine drainage system occupied by a mosaic of lineages. Each in turn was spatially centered on specific clusters of religious, nonresidential public architecture. Alliances were based on a number of historically shifting variables, including religion, kinship, politics, and economics. It is suggested that future research continue existing methodologies and analyses and consider new ecological, genetic, and ideological research as a means of adding greater local historic nuance to this general model of Hopewellian societies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References cited
Abrams, E. (1989). Architecture and energy: An evolutionary perspective. In Schiffer, M. (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 1, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 47–87.
Abrams, E. (1992). Archaeological investigation of the Armitage Mound (33AT434), The Plains, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 17: 80–111.
Abrams, E., and Freter, A. (eds.) (2005a). The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio, Ohio University Press, Athens.
Abrams, E., and Freter, A. (2005b). Tribal societies in the Hocking Valley. In Abrams, E., and Freter, A. (eds.), The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio, Ohio University Press, Athens, pp. 174–195.
Applegate, D., and Mainfort, R., Jr. (2005). Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Asch, D. L., and Asch, N. B. (1978). The economic potential of Iva annua and its prehistoric importance in the lower Illinois Valley. In Ford, R. I. (ed.), The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers 67, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 300–341.
Atwater, C. (1820). Description of the antiquities discovered in the state of Ohio. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society 1: 109–251.
Aveni, A. (2004). An assessment of studies in Hopewell astronomy. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.), The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, OH, pp. 243–257.
Baby, R. S., and Langlois, S. M. (1979). Seip Mound State Memorial: Nonmortuary aspects of Hopewell. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 16–18.
Baerreis, D. A., Bryson, R. A., and Kutzbach, J. E. (1976). Climate and culture in the western Great Lakes region. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1: 39–57.
Bender, M., Baerreis, D., and Stevenson, R. (1981). Further light on carbon isotopes and Hopewell agriculture. American Antiquity 46: 346–353.
Bennett, J. (1944). Hopewellian in Minnesota. American Antiquity 9: 336.
Bernardini, W. (2004). Hopewell geometric earthworks: A case study in the referential and experiential meaning of monuments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23: 331–356.
Bernardini, W., and Carr, C. (2005). Hopewellian copper celts from eastern North America: Their social and symbolic significance. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 624–647.
Binford, L. (1989). Debating Archaeology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Black, D. B. (1979). Adena and Hopewell relations in the lower Hocking Valley. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 19–26.
Blitz, J. H. (1986). The McRae Mound: A Middle Woodland site in southeastern Mississippi. Mississippi Archaeology 21: 11–39.
Bolnick, D., and Smith, D. (2007). Migration and social structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from ancient DNA. American Antiquity 72: 627–644.
Brashler, J. G., Hambacher, M., Martin, T., Parker, K., and Robertson, J. (2006). Middle Woodland occupation in the Grand River Basin of Michigan. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 261–284.
Braun, D. P. (1979). Illinois Hopewell burial practices and social organization: A re-examination of the Klunk-Gibson Mound Group. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 66–79.
Braun, D. (1986). Midwestern Hopewellian exchange and supralocal interaction. In Renfrew, C., and Cherry, J. F. (eds.), Peer Policy Interaction and Socio-political Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 117–126.
Braun, D. (1987). Co-evolution of sedentism, pottery technology, and horticulture in the central Midwest, 200 B.C. - A.D. 600. In Keegan, W. F. (ed.), Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, Occasional Paper No. 7, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 153–181.
Braun, D., and Plog, S. E. (1982). Evolution of “tribal” social networks: Theory and prehistoric American evidence. American Antiquity 47: 504–525.
Brose, D. (1979). A speculative model of the role of exchange in the prehistory of the Eastern Woodlands. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. B. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 3–8.
Brose, D. (1990). Toward a model of exchange values for the Eastern Woodlands. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 15: 100–136.
Brose, D., and Greber, N. B. (eds.) (1979). Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH.
Brown, J. A. (ed.) (1968). Hopewell and Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois, Bulletin 6, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Springfield.
Brown, J. A. (1979). Charnel houses and mortuary crypts: Disposal of the dead in the Middle Woodland period. In Brose, D. S., and N. Greber (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University, Kent, OH, pp. 211–219.
Brown, J. A. (1981). The search for rank in prehistoric burials. In Chapman, R., Kinnes, I., and Ransborg, K. (eds.), The Archaeology of Death, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 25–37.
Brown, J. A. (2005). Reflections on taxonomic practice. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 111–119.
Brown, J. A. (2006). The shamanic element in Hopewellian period ritual. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 475–488.
Buikstra, J. (1976). Hopewell in the Lower Illinois Valley: A regional study of human biological variability and prehistoric mortuary behavior, Scientific Papers 2, Archaeological Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Buikstra, J. (1979). Contributions of physical anthropologists to the concept of Hopewell: A historical perspective. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. B. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University, Kent, OH, pp. 220–233.
Buikstra, J. (1980). Epigenetic distance: A study of biological variability in the lower Illinois River region. In Browman, D. (ed.), Early Native Americans, Mouton, New York, pp. 271–300.
Buikstra, J. (1998). Architectural details: Sediments and structures (Appendix 2). In Buikstra, J. E., Charles, D. K., and Rakita, G. F. M. (eds.), Staging Ritual: Hopewell Ceremonialism at the Mound House Site, Greene County, Illinois, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL, pp. 101–117.
Buikstra, J., and Charles, D. (1999). Centering the ancestors: Cemeteries, mounds, and sacred landscapes of the ancient North American midcontinent. In Ashmore, W., and Knapp, A. (eds.), Archaeologies of the Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 201–228.
Buikstra, J., Charles, D., and Rakita, G. (1998). Staging Ritual: Hopewell Ceremonialism at the Mound House Site, Greene County, Illinois, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL.
Burks, J. (2005). Archaeology at the edges of time and space: Working across and between Woodland period taxonomic units in central Ohio. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 40–51.
Burks, J., and Pederson, J. (2006). The place of nonmound debris at Hopewell Mound Group (33RO27), Ross County, Ohio. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 376–401.
Burks, J., and Walter, D. (2003). Hopewell occupation at the Hopeton Earthworks: Combining surface survey and geophysical data to study land use. Paper presented at the 68th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Milwaukee, WI.
Byers, A. M. (2004). The Ohio Hopewell Episode: Paradigm Lost, Paradigm Gained, University of Akron Press, Akron, OH.
Caldwell, J. (1955). Interaction spheres in prehistory. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers XII(6): 133–156.
Caldwell, J. (1964). Interaction spheres in prehistory. In Caldwell, J., and Hall, R. (eds.), Hopewellian Studies, Scientific Papers 12, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, pp. 133–143.
Caldwell, J., and Hall, R. (eds.) (1964). Hopewellian Studies, Scientific Papers 12, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Callender, C. (1978a). Illinois. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15, Northeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 673–680.
Callender, C. (1978b). Shawnee. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15, Northeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 622–635.
Callender, C. (1978c). Miami. In Trigger, B. G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15, Northeast, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 681–689.
Callender, C. (1979). Hopewell archaeology and American ethnology. In Brose, D., and Greber, N. B. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 254–257.
Carneiro, R. (2002). The tribal village and its culture: An evolutionary stage in the history of human society. In Parkinson, W. (ed.), The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 34–52.
Carr, C. (2005a). Historical insight into the directions and limitations of recent research on Hopewell. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 51–70.
Carr, C. (2005b). Salient issues in the social and political organizations of northern Hopewellian peoples. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 73–118.
Carr, C. (2005c). Scioto Hopewell ritual gatherings: A review and discussion of previous interpretations and data. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 463–479.
Carr, C. (2005d). The question of ranking in Havana Hopewellian societies: A retrospective in light of multi-cemetery ceremonial organization. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 238–257.
Carr, C. (2005e). The tripartite ceremonial alliance among the Scioto Hopewellian communities and the question of social ranking. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 258–338.
Carr, C. (2005f). Rethinking interregional Hopewellian “interaction.” In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 575–623.
Carr, C. (2006). Scioto Hopewell ritual flamboyance implies intense social competition: A problematic inference. Paper presented at the 50th meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Urbana, IL.
Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.) (2005a). Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York.
Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (2005b). The gathering of Hopewell. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 19–50.
Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (2005c). The nature of leadership in Ohio Hopewellian societies. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 177–237.
Carr, C., and Haas, H. (1996). Beta-Count and AMS radiocarbon dates of Woodland and Fort Ancient period occupations in Ohio, 1350 B.C.-A.D. 1650. West Virginia Archaeologist 48: 19–36.
Carr, C., and Maslowski, R. F. (1995). Cordage and fabrics: Relating form, technology, and social processes. In Carr, C., and Neitzel, J. (eds.), Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, Plenum, New York, pp. 297–343.
Carr, C., Goldstein, B., and Weets, J. (2005). Estimating the size and social compositions of mortuary-related gatherings at Scioto Hopewell earthwork-mound sites. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 480–532.
Carskadden, J., and Morton, J. (1996). The Middle Woodland-Late Woodland transition in the central Muskingum Valley of eastern Ohio: A view from the Philo archaeological district. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 316–338.
Carskadden, J., and Morton, J. (1997). Living on the edge: A comparison of Adena and Hopewell communities in the central Muskingum Valley of eastern Ohio. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 365–401.
Chapman, R. (2006). Middle Woodland/Hopewell: A view from beyond the periphery. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 510–528.
Charles, D. K. (1992). Woodland demographic and social dynamics in the American Midwest: Analysis of burial mound survey. World Archaeology 24: 175–197.
Charles, D. K. (1995). Diachronic regional social dynamics: Mortuary sites in the Illinois Valley/American Bottom region. In Beck, L. A. (ed.), Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, Plenum, New York, pp. 77–99.
Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. (1983). Archaic mortuary sites in the central Mississippi drainage: Distribution, structure, and behavioral implications. In Phillips, J., and Brown, J. (eds.), Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest, Academic Press, New York, pp. 117–145.
Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. (2002). Siting, sighting, and citing the dead. In Silverman, H., and Small, D. (eds.), The Space and Place of Death, American Anthropological Association, Arlington, VA., pp. 13–26.
Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. (eds.) (2006). Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Charles, D. K., Van Nest, J., and Buikstra, J. (2004). From the earth: Minerals and meaning in the Hopewellian world. In Boivin, N., and Owoc, M. A. (eds.), Soils, Stone and Symbols, Cavendish, Portland, OR, pp. 43–70.
Childe, V. G. (1929). The Prehistory of the Danube. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Church, F. (1984). Textiles as markers of Ohio Hopewell social identities. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 9: 1–15.
Church, F., and Ericksen, A. (1997). Beyond the Scioto Valley: Middle Woodland occupations in the Salt Creek drainage. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 331–360.
Clay, R. B. (1986). Adena ritual spaces. In Farnsworth, K. B., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Early Woodland Archeology, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL, pp. 581–595.
Clay, R. B. (1987). Circles and ovals: Two types of Adena space. Southeastern Archaeology 6: 46–56.
Clay, R. B. (2002). Deconstructing the Woodland sequence from the heartland: A review of recent research directions in the Upper Ohio Valley. In Anderson, D. G., and Mainfort, R., Jr. (eds.), The Woodland Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 162–184.
Clay, R. B. (2005). Adena: Rest in peace? In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, R., Jr. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 94–110.
Cole, F. C., and Deuel, T. (1937). Rediscovering Illinois: Archaeological Explorations in and around Fulton County, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Connolly, R. (1997). The evidence for habitation at the Fort Ancient earthworks, Warren County, Ohio. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 251–281.
Connolly, R. (2004). Evolution of Fort Ancient embankment wall form. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.), The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 35–50.
Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.) (2004). The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
Connolly, R., and Sunderhaus, T. (2004). Rules for “reading” Fort Ancient architecture. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.), The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 51–65.
Coughlin, S., and Seeman, M. (1997). Hopewell settlements at the Liberty Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 231–250.
Cowan, F. L. (1999). Making sense of flake scatters: Lithic technological strategies and mobility. American Antiquity 64: 593–607.
Cowan, F. L. (2006). A mobile Hopewell? Questioning assumptions of Ohio Hopewell sedentism. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 26–49.
Cowan, F. L., Sunderhaus, T. K., and Genheimer, R. A. (2000). Wooden architecture in Ohio Hopewell sites: Structural and spatial patterns at the Stubbs Earthworks site. Paper presented at the 65th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.
Crowell, D., Abrams, E., Freter, A., and Lein, J. (2005). Woodland communities in the Hocking Valley. In Abrams, E., and Freter, A. (eds.), The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio, Ohio University Press, Athens, pp. 82–97.
Dancey, W. S. (1988). The community plan of an early Late Woodland village in the Middle Scioto River valley. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13: 223–258.
Dancey, W. S. (1991). A Middle Woodland settlement in central Ohio: A preliminary report on the Murphy site (33Li212). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61: 7–72.
Dancey, W. S. (1992). Village origins in central Ohio: The results and implications of recent Middle and Late Woodland research. In Seeman, M. (ed.), Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Special Publication 7, Kent State University, Kent, OH, pp. 24–29.
Dancey, W. S. (1996). Putting an end to Ohio Hopewell. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 394–405.
Dancey, W. S. (2005). The enigmatic Hopewell of the eastern Woodlands. In Pauketat, T., and DiPaolo Loren, D. (eds.), North American Archaeology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 108–137.
Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P .J. (eds.) (1997a). Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH.
Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (1997b). A community model of Ohio Hopewell settlement. In Dancey, W .S., and Pacheco, P .J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 3–40.
DeBoer, W. R. (1997). Ceremonial centers from the Cayapas (Esmeraldes, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio). Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7: 225–253.
DeBoer, W. R. (2004). Little Bighorn on the Scioto: The Rocky Mountain connection to the Ohio Hopewell. American Antiquity 69: 85–107.
DeBoer, W. R., and Blitz, J. (1991). Ceremonial centers of the Chachi. Expedition 33: 53–62.
Deuel, T. (1952). Hopewellian Communities in Illinois, Scientific Papers 5, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Dillehay, T. D. (1990). Mapuche ceremonial landscape, social recruitment and resource rights. World Archaeology 22: 223–241.
Dragoo, D. W., and Wray, C. F. (1964). Hopewell figurine rediscovered. American Antiquity 30: 195–199.
Dunnell, R. C., and Greenlee, D. (1999). Late Woodland period “waste” reduction in the Ohio River valley. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18: 376–395.
Emerson, T., Hughes, R. E., Farnsworth, K., Wisseman, S., and Hynes, M. (2005). Tremper Mound, Hopewell catlinite, and PIMA technology. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30: 189–216.
Fecht, W. G. (1995). Mound exploration at Meppen, Illinois. Central States Archaeological Journal 2: 29–34.
Fie, S. (2006). Visiting in the interaction sphere: Ceramic exchange and interaction in the lower Illinois Valley. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 427–445.
Field, S., Goldberg, A., and Lee, T. (2005). Gender, status, and ethnicity in the Scioto, Miami, and northeastern Ohio Hopewellian regions, as evidenced by mortuary practices. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 386–404.
Fortier, A. C. (1992). American Bottom house types of the Archaic and Woodland periods: An overview. Illinois Archaeology 5: 260–275.
Fortier, A. C. (2000). The Dash Reeves Site: A Middle Woodland Small-Tool Tradition in the American Bottom, American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports, Vol. 28, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Fortier, A. C., Maher, T. O., Williams, J. A., Meinkoth, M. C., Parker, K. E., and Kelly, L. S. (1989). The Holding Site: A Hopewell Community in the American Bottom, American Bottom Archeology FAI-270 Site Reports, Vol. 19, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Fowke, G. (1902). Archaeological History of Ohio, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus.
Fowles, S. (2002). From social type to social process: Placing ‘tribe’ in a historical framework. In Parkinson, W. (ed.), The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 13–33.
Fritz, G. J. (1990). Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 4: 387–476.
Fritz, G. J. (1993). Crops before corn in the East: Regional patterns of Early and Middle Woodland period paleobotany. In Scarry, C. M. (ed.), Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. 39–56.
Genheimer, R. A. (1996). Bladelets are tools, too: The predominance of bladelets among formal tools at Ohio Hopewell sites. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 92–107.
Genheimer, R. A. (1997). Stubbs Cluster: Hopewellian site dynamics at a forgotten Little Miami River valley settlement. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 283–309.
Greber, N. (1979). Variations in the social structure of Ohio Hopewell peoples. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 4: 35–78.
Greber, N. (1983). Recent Excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound, Liberty Works, Ross County, Ohio, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Special Publication 5, Kent State University, Kent, OH.
Greber, N. (1991). A study of continuity and contrast between central Adena and Hopewell Adena sites. West Virginia Archaeologist 43: 1–26.
Greber, N. (1997). Two geometric enclosures in the Paint Creek valley: An estimate of possible changes in community patterns through time. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 207–229.
Greber, N. (2002). A preliminary comparison of 1997 and 2002 limited excavations in the Great Circle Wall, High Banks Works, Ross County, Ohio. Hopewell Archaeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 5: 1–6.
Greber, N. (2003). Chronological relationships among Ohio Hopewell sites: Few dates and much complexity. In Jeske, R., and Charles, D. (eds.), Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology, Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 88–113.
Greber, N. (2005). Adena and Hopewell in the middle Ohio Valley: To be or not to be? In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 19–39.
Greber, N. (2006). Enclosures and communities in Ohio Hopewell: An essay. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 74–105.
Greber, N., and Ruhl, K. (1989). The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Based on the Works of Charles C. Willoughby, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Greber, N., Davis, R. S., and DuFresne, A. S. (1981). The Micro component of the Ohio Hopewell lithic technology: Bladelets. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376: 489–528.
Greenman, E. F. (1938). Hopewellian traits in Florida. American Antiquity 3: 327–332.
Griffin, J. B. (1952). Culture periods in eastern United States archaeology. In Griffin, J. B. (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 352–364.
Griffin, J. B. (1958). The Chronologic Position of the Hopewell Culture in the Eastern United States, Anthropological Papers 12, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Griffin, J. B. (1960). Climate change: A contributory cause of the growth and decline of northern Hopewellian culture. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 41(2): 21–33.
Griffin, J. B. (1965). Hopewell and the dark black glass. Michigan Archaeologist 11: 115–155.
Griffin, J. B. (1967). Eastern North American archaeology: A summary. Science 156: 175–191.
Griffin, J. B. (1996). The Hopewell housing shortage in Ohio, A.D. 1–350. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 6–15.
Griffin, J. B. (1997). Interpretations of Ohio Hopewell 1845–1984 and the recent emphasis on the study of dispersed hamlets. In Dancey, W., and Pacheco, P. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 405–426.
Griffin, J. B., Flanders, R., and Titterington, P. (1970). Burial Complexes of the Knight and Norton Mounds in Illinois and Michigan, Memoirs No. 2, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Griffin, J. B., Gourdus, A. A., and Wright, G. A. (1969). Identification of the sources of Hopewellian obsidian in the Middle West. American Antiquity 34: 1–14.
Hall, R. (1979). In search of the ideology of the Hopewell climax. In Brose, D., and Greber, N. (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 258–265.
Hall, R. (1997). An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Beliefs and Ritual. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Hancock, J. (2004). On seeing Fort Ancient. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.). The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 258–263.
Harn, A. (1971). An Archaeological Survey of the American Bottoms in Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, Reports of Investigations No. 21, Part 2, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Harrison, W. H. (1839). A discourse on the Aborigines of the valley of the Ohio. Transactions of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio 1: 217–267.
Hatch, J. W., Michels, J. W., Stevenson, C. M., Scheetz, B. E., and Geidel, R. A. (1990). Hopewell obsidian studies: Behavioral implications of recent sourcing and dating research. American Antiquity 55: 461–479.
Hayden, B. (1995). Pathways to power: Principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. (eds.), Foundation for Social Inequality, Plenum, New York, pp. 15–86.
Hegmon, M. (2003). Setting theoretical egos aside: Issues and theory in North American archaeology. American Antiquity 68: 213–243.
Hively, R., and Horn, R. (1982). Geometry and astronomy in prehistoric Ohio. Journal for the History of Astronomy 13: S1–20.
Hively, R., and Horn, R. (1984). Hopewellian geometry and astronomy at High Bank. Journal for the History of Astronomy 15: S85–100.
Hofman, J. L. (1987). Hopewell blades from Twenhafel: Distinguishing local and foreign core technology. In Johnson, J. K., and Morrow, C. A. (eds.), The Organization of Core Technology, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 87–117.
Holt, J. Z. (2006). Animal exploitation and the Havana tradition: A comparison of animal use at mound centers and hamlets in the Illinois Valley. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 446–463.
Houston, S. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. British Museum, London.
Hughes, R. E. (2006). The sources of Hopewell obsidian: Forty years after Griffin. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 361–375.
Hughes, R. E., and Fortier, A. C. (1997). Identification of geologic sources of obsidian artifacts from the three Middle Woodland sites in the American Bottom, Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 9: 79–92.
Johnston, C. (2002). Culturally Modified Human Remains from the Hopewell Mound Group, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.
Keller, C., and Carr, C. (2005). Gender, role, prestige, and ritual interaction across the Ohio, Mann, and Havana Hopewellian regions, as evidenced by ceramic figurines. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 428–460.
Kozarek, S. E. (1997). Determining sedentism in the archaeological record. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 131–152.
Lazazzera, A. (2004). Hopewell household variation at the Fort Ancient site. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.), The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 84–106.
Lepper, B. (1996). The Newark Earthworks and the geometric enclosures of the Scioto Valley: Connections and conjectures. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 224–241.
Lepper, B. (1998). The archaeology of the Newark Earthworks. In Mainfort, Jr., R., and Sullivan, L. P. (eds.), Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 114–134.
Lepper, B. (2006). The Great Hopewell Road and the role of the pilgrimage in the Hopewell interaction sphere. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 122–133.
Lepper, B., and Yerkes, R. W. (1997). Hopewellian occupations at the northern periphery of the Newark Earthworks: The Newark Expressway revisited. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 175–206.
Loehle, C. (2007). A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-tree ring proxies. Energy and Environment 18: 1049–1058.
Logan, B. (2006). Kansas City Hopewell: Middle Woodland on the western Frontier. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 339–358.
Logan, B., and Banks, W. E. (1993). Faunal remains. In Logan, B. (ed.), Quarry Creek: Excavation, Analysis and Prospect of a Kansas City Hopewell Site, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, Project Report Series No. 80, Museum of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Lynott, M. J. (2001). The Hopeton Earthworks: An interim report. Hopewell Archaeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 4: 1–5.
Lynott, M. J., and Weymouth, J. (2002). Preliminary report, 2001 investigations, Hopeton Earthworks. Hopewell Archaeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 5: 1–7.
MacNeish, R. S. (1944). Middle Woodland cultures. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 37: 41–44.
Magrath, W. H. (1945). The North Benton Mound: A Hopewell site in Ohio. American Antiquity 11: 40–47.
Mainfort, Jr., R. (2005). Some comments on Woodland taxonomy in the middle Ohio Valley. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (eds), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 221–230.
Mangold, W., and Schurr, M. (2006). The Goodall tradition: Recent research and new perspectives. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 206–226.
Marshall, J. A. (1969). Engineering principles and the study of prehistoric structures: A substantive example. American Antiquity 34: 166–171.
Maslowski, R. F., and Seeman, M. F. (1992). Woodland archaeology in the Mid-Ohio Valley: Setting parameters for Ohio main stem/tributary comparisons. In Seeman, M. F. (ed.), Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, Special Paper No. 7, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 10–14.
McGregor, J. C. (1958). The Pool and Irving Villages. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
McKern, W. C. (1939). The Midwestern taxonomic method as an aid to archaeological culture study. American Antiquity 4: 301–313.
McKern, W. C., Titterington, P. F., and Griffin, J. B. (1945). Painted pottery figurines from Illinois. American Antiquity 3: 295–302.
Mills, L. (2001). Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Ohio Hopewell of the Hopewell Mound Group. West Virginia Archaeologist 53: 1–18.
Mills, W. C. (1907). Explorations of the Edwin Harness Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 16: 133–193.
Mills, W. C. (1909). Exploration of the Seip Mound, Ohio. Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 18: 269–321.
Mills, W. C. (1914). Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus.
Mills, W. C. (1916). Exploration of the Tremper Mound. Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 25: 262–398.
Mills, W. C. (1922). Exploration of the Mound City Group. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 31: 423–584.
Milner, G. (1995). An osteological perspective on prehistoric warfare. In Beck, L. A. (ed.), Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, Plenum, New York, pp. 221–246.
Milner, G. (2004). The Moundbuilders. Thames and Hudson, London.
Montet-White, A. (1968). The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period, Anthropological Papers 35, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Moore C. B. (1896). Certain river mounds of Duval County, Florida. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Second Series) 10: 449–516.
Moorehead, W. K. (1895). The Metzger Mound. Proceedings from the Academy of Natural Sciences 47: 314–321.
Moorehead, W. K. (1922). The Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio. Field Museum of Natural History, Publications 211, Anthropological Series 6: 73–184.
Norris, R. (1985). Excavation of the Toepfner Mound. Archaeology of Eastern North America 13: 128–137.
O’Brien, M. J. (1987). Sedentism, population growth, and resource selection in the Woodland Midwest. Current Anthropology 28: 177–198.
O’Brien, M. J., and Wood, W. R. (1998). The Prehistory of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
Odell, G. H. (1985). Microwear analysis of Middle Woodland settlement in the Illinois Valley. In Stafford, B. D., and Sant M. B. (eds.), Smiling Dan: Structure and Function at a Middle Woodland Settlement in the Illinois Valley, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL, pp. 298–326.
Odell, G. H. (1994). The role of stone bladelets in Middle Woodland society. American Antiquity 59: 102–120.
Otto., M. P. (1979). Hopewell antecedents in the Adena heartland. In Brose, D. S., and Greber, N. B. (eds), Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 9–14.
Pacheco, P. J. (1989). The spatial distribution of mounds along the Muskinghum River: An application of linear nearest neighbor analysis. In Sidky, M., Foradas, J., and Pacheco, P. (eds.), Anthropology: Unity in Diversity, Occasional Papers in Anthropology 4, Ohio State University, Columbus, pp. 20–33.
Pacheco, P. J. (ed.) (1996a). A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.
Pacheco, P. J. (1996b). Ohio Hopewell regional settlement patterns. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 16–35.
Pacheco, P. J. (1997). Ohio Middle Woodland intra community settlement variability: A case study from the Licking Valley. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 41–84.
Pacheco, P., and Dancey, W. (2006). Integrating mortuary and settlement data on Ohio Hopewell society. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 3–25.
Pacheco, P. J., Burks, J., and Wymer, D. A. (2006). The Ohio Hopewell settlement at Brown’s Bottom # 1 (33Ro21). Paper presented at the 50th meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Urbana, IL.
Parkinson, W. (2002a). The Archaeology of Tribal Societies. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI.
Parkinson, W. (2002b). Introduction: Archaeology and tribal societies. In Parkinson, W. (ed.), The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 1–12.
Parmalee, P. W. (1965). The vertebrate fauna. In Prufer, O. (ed.), The McGraw Site: A Study in Hopewellian Dynamics, Scientific Publications, New Series 4(1), Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, pp. 115–118.
Parmalee, P. W., Paloumpis, A. A., and Wilson, N. (2000). Animals Utilized by Woodland Peoples Occupying the Apple Creek Site, Illinois, Reports of Investigation 23, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Patterson, T. (1995). Toward a Social History of Archaeology in the United States. Harcourt Brace, Forth Worth, TX.
Pederson, J., and Burks, J. J. (2001). Recent remote sensing at the Hopewell Mound Group (33ro27), Ross County, Ohio. Paper presented at the 66th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, LA.
Peoples, N., Abrams, E. M., Freter, A., Jokisch, B., and Patton, P. E. (2008). The Taber Well site (33HO611): A Middle Woodland habitation and surplus lithic production site in the Hocking Valley, southeastern Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 33: 107–127.
Pickard, W. H. (1996). 1990 Excavations at Capitolium Mound (33Wn13) Marietta, Washington County, Ohio: A working evaluation. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 274–285.
Pollack, D., Schlarb, E., Sharp, W., and Tune, T. (2005). Walker-Noe: An early Middle Woodland Adena mound in central Kentucky. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 64–75.
Powell, B. B. (1957). Hopewellian pottery of the lower Illinois Valley: The Snyders site ceramics. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 42: 219–224.
Prufer, O. (1964). The Hopewell complex of Ohio. In Caldwell, J., and Hall, R. (eds.), Hopewellian Studies, Scientific Papers 12, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, pp. 35–83.
Prufer, O. H. (1965). The McGraw Site: A Study in Hopewellian Dynamics. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH.
Prufer, O. H. (1967). The Scioto Valley archaeological survey. In Prufer, O. H., and McKenzie, D. K. (eds.), Studies in Ohio Archaeology. Western Reserve University Press, Cleveland, OH, pp. 267–328.
Prufer, O. H. (1997). How to construct a model: A personal memoir. In Dancey, W. S., and Pachceo, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 105–128.
Prufer, O. H., and McKenzie, D. H. (1965). Ceramics. In Prufer, O. H. (ed.), The McGraw Site: A Study in Hopewellian Dynamics, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, pp. 16–57.
Prufer, O. H., and Spurlock, L. (2006). Introduction. In Spurlock, L., Prufer, O., and Pigott, T. (eds.), Caves and Culture: 10,000 Years of Ohio History, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 1–18.
Putnam, F. W. (1884). Field notes on excavations of the Liberty Group, Ross County, Ohio. Manuscript on file, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Putnam, F. W. (1885). Explorations of the Harness Mounds in the Scioto Valley, Ohio, Peabody Museum 18th and 19th Annual Reports (1884–1885), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Redmond, E. (1998). Introduction: The dynamics of chieftaincy and the development of chiefdoms. In Redmond, E. (ed.), Chiefdoms and Chieftaincy in the Americas, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 1–17.
Reidhead, V. (1984). A reconstruction of the presettlement vegetation of the middle Ohio Valley region. In Munson, P. (ed.), Experiments and Observations on Aboriginal Wild Plant Food Utilization in Eastern North America, Prehistoric Research Series, Vol. 6, No. 2, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, pp. 386–426.
Richmond, M., and Kerr, J. (2005). Middle Woodland ritualism in the central Bluegrass: Evidence from the Amburgey site, Montgomery County, Kentucky. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 76–93.
Riordan, R. (1995). A construction sequence for a Middle Woodland hilltop enclosure. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 62–104.
Riordan, R. (1996). The enclosed hilltops of southern Ohio. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 242–256.
Riordan, R. (1998). Boundaries, resistance, and control: Enclosing hilltops in Middle Woodland Ohio. In Mainfort, Jr., R., and Sullivan, L. P. (eds.), Ancient Earthwork Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. 68–84.
Riordan, R. (2006). Altering a Middle Woodland enclosure: Questions of design and environment. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 146–157.
Rodrigues, T. (2005). Gender and social differentiation within the Turner population, Ohio, as evidenced by activity-induced musculoskeletal stress markers. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 405–427.
Romain, W. F. (2000). Mysteries of the Hopewell: Astronomers, Geometers, and Magicians of the Eastern Woodlands, University of Akron Press, Akron, OH.
Romain, W. F. (2004). Journey to the center of the world: Astronomy, geometry, and cosmology of the Fort Ancient enclosure. In Connolly, R., and Lepper, B. (eds.), The Fort Ancient Earthworks: Prehistoric Lifeways of the Hopewell Culture in Southwestern Ohio, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, pp. 66–83.
Ruby, B. J. (2006). The Mann phase: Hopewellian community organization in the Wabash Lowland. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 190–205.
Ruby, B. J., Kearney, J. K., and Adams, W. R. (1993). Faunal remains from the Grabert Site (12Po248): A Middle Woodland occupation in Posey County, Indiana. In Redmond, B. G. (ed.), Current Research in Indiana Archaeology and Prehistory: 1991–1992, Research Reports 14, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, Bloomington, pp. 46–48.
Ruby, B. J., Carr, C., and Charles, D. K. (2005). Community organizations in the Scioto, Mann, and Havana Hopewellian regions: A comparative perspective. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 119–176.
Ruhl, K. (2005). Hopewellian copper earspools from eastern North America: The social, ritual and symbolic significance of their contexts and distribution. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 696–713.
Schlarb, E. (2005). The Bullock site: A forgotten mound in Woodford County, Kentucky. In Applegate, D., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (eds.), Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 52–63.
Schweikart, J. (2005). The Swinehart Village site: A Late Woodland village in the upper Hocking Valley. In Abrams, E., and Freter, A. (eds.), The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio, Ohio University Press, Athens, pp. 115–125.
Scuilli, P. W. (1997). Dental evolution in prehistoric Native Americans of the Ohio Valley area. I. Wear and pathology. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7: 507–524.
Scuilli, P. W., and Mahaney, M. C. (1986). Evidence for local biological continuity for an Ohio Hopewell complex population. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11: 181–199.
Seeman, M. F. (1979). The Hopewell interaction sphere: The evidence of inter-regional trade and structural complexity. Indiana Historical Society, Prehistoric Research Series 5: 237–438.
Seeman, M. F. (1981). The question of “villages” at the Hopewell site: An archaeological survey of the Hopewell site (33Ro27) and vicinity, Ross County, Ohio. Paper presented at the Midwestern Archaeological Conference, Madison, WI.
Seeman, M. F. (1986). Adena “houses” and the implications for Early Woodland settlement models in the Ohio Valley. In Farnsworth, K. B., and Emerson, T. E. (eds.), Early Woodland Archeology, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL, pp. 564–580.
Seeman, M. F. (1988). Ohio Hopewell trophy skull artifacts as evidence for competition in Middle Woodland societies circa 50 B.C.-A.D. 350. American Antiquity 53: 565–577.
Seeman, M. F. (1992). Woodland traditions in the midcontinent: A comparison of three regional sequences. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 6: 3–46.
Seeman, M. F. (1995). When words are not enough: Hopewell interregionalism and the use of material symbols at the GE Mound. In Nassaney, M. S., and Sassaman, K. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretation in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 122–143.
Seeman, M. F. (1996). The Ohio Hopewell core and its many margins: Deconstructing upland and hinterland relations. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 304–315.
Seeman, M. F. (2004). Hopewell art in Hopewell places. In Sharp, R. (ed.), Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand, The Art Institute of Chicago in association with Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, pp. 57–72.
Seeman, M. F., and Branch, J. (2006). The mounded landscapes of Ohio: Hopewell patterns and placements. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 106–121.
Seeman, M. F., and Soday, F. (1980). The Russell Brown Mounds: Three Hopewell mounds in Ross County, OH. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 5: 73–116.
Seltzer, F. M. (1933). Pottery of the Hopewell type from Louisiana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 82: 1–21.
Shetrone, H. C. (1926). Exploration of the Hopewell Group of prehistoric earthworks. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 35: 1–227.
Shetrone, H. C. (1936). The Mound Builders. Appleton-Century, New York.
Shetrone, H. C., and Greenman, E. (1931). Explorations of the Seip Group of prehistoric earthworks. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 40: 343–509.
Silverberg, R. (1968). Mound Builders of Ancient America, New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, CT.
Smart, T., and Ford, R. (1983). Plant remains. In Greber, N. (ed.), Recent Excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound, Liberty Works, Ross County, Ohio, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Special Publication 5, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 54–58.
Smith, B. D. (1992). Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Smith, B. D. (2006). Household, community, and subsistence in Hopewell research. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 491–509.
Squier, E. G., and Davis, E. H. (1848). Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley Comprising the Results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Stafford, B. D., and Sant, M. B. (eds.) (1985). Smiling Dan: Structure and Function at a Middle Woodland Settlement in the Illinois Valley, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL.
Steinhilper, J., and Wymer, D. A. (2006). Paleoethnobotany at Brown’s Bottom #1 site: A Hopewell Habitation Site in Ross County, Ohio. Paper presented at the 50th meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Urbana, IL.
Stevenson, C., Abdelrehim, I., and Novak, S. (2004). High precision measurements of obsidian hydration layers on artifacts from the Hopewell Site using secondary ion mass spectrometry. American Antiquity 69: 555–568.
Stoltman, J. (2006). Reconsidering the context of Hopewell interaction in southwestern Wisconsin. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 310–327.
Struever, S. (1964). The Hopewell interaction sphere in riverine-western Great Lakes culture history. In Caldwell, J., and Hall, R. L. (eds.), Hopewellian Studies, Scientific Papers 12, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, pp. 86–106.
Struever, S. (1968a). Flotation techniques for the recovery of small-scale archaeological remains. American Antiquity 33: 353–362.
Struever, S. (1968b). Woodland subsistence-settlement systems in the lower Illinois Valley. In Binford, S. R., and Binford, L. R. (eds.), New Perspectives in Archeology, Aldine, Chicago, pp. 285–312.
Struever, S., and Houart, G. L. (1972). An analysis of the Hopewell interaction sphere. In Wilmsen, E. N. (ed.), Social Exchange and Interaction, Anthropological Papers 46, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 47–147.
Styles, B. W., and Purdue, J. R. (1986). Middle Woodland faunal exploitation. In Wiant, M. D., and McGimsey, C. R. (eds.), Woodland Period Occupations of the Napoleon Hollow Site in the Lower Illinois Valley, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL, pp. 513–526.
Sunderhaus, T., and Blosser, J. (2006). Water and mud and the recreation of the world. In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 134–145.
Tainter, J. (1977). Woodland social change in west-central Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2: 67–98.
Thomas, C. (1894). Report on the Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology, 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91.
Thomas, C., Carr, C., and Keller, C. (2005). Animal-totemic clans of Ohio Hopewellian peoples. In Carr, C., and Case, D. T. (eds.), Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, Springer, New York, pp. 339–385.
Thompson, A., and Jakes, K. (2002). Comparison of dyed and charred fibers from infrared spectroscopy. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Columbus, OH.
Trigger, B. (2006). A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Van der Merwe, N., and Vogel, J. (1978). 12C/ 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in Woodland North America. Nature 276: 815–816.
Van Langen, H. (1986). The Klug Site, a Middle Woodland camp and refuse site in Ozaukee, County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archaeologist 67: 128–152.
Vickery, K. (1996). Flint raw material use in Ohio Hopewell. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 108–127.
Wagner, G. (2000). Tobacco in prehistoric North America. In Williams, J. C. (ed.), Tobacco Use by Native North Americans, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, pp. 185–201.
Waring, Jr., A. J. (1945). “Hopewellian” elements in northern Georgia. American Antiquity 11: 119–120.
Watson, P. J., and Kennedy, M. C. (1991). The development of horticulture in the Eastern Woodlands: Women’s role. In Gero, J. M., and Conkey, M. W. (eds.), Engendering Archaeology, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 255–275.
Whittlesey, C. (1851). Descriptions of Ancient Works in Ohio, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Wiant, M., and McGimsey, C. R. (1986). Woodland Period Occupations of the Napoleon Hollow Site in the Lower Illinois Valley, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL.
Willey, G., and Sabloff, J. (1993). A History of American Archaeology, Freeman, San Francisco.
Willoughby, C. C., and Hooton, E. A. (1922). The Turner Group of Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio, Papers of the Peabody Museum 8(3), Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Winters, H. D. (1969). The Riverton Culture: A Second Millennium Occupation in the Central Wabash Valley, Reports of Investigation 13, Illinois State Museum and Illinois Archaeological Survey, Springfield.
Winters, H. D. (1984). The significance of chert procurement and exchange in the Middle Woodland traditions of the Illinois area. In Butler, B. M., and May, E. E. (eds.), Prehistoric Chert Exploitation: Studies from the Midcontinent, Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 3–21.
Wymer, D. A. (1996). The Ohio Hopewell econiche: Human-land interaction in the core area. In Pacheco, P. J. (ed.), A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 36–52.
Wymer, D. A. (1997). Paleoethnobotany in the Licking River valley, Ohio: Implications for understanding Ohio Hopewell. In Dancey, W. S., and Pacheco, P. J. (eds.), Ohio Hopewell Community Organization, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 153–171.
Wymer, D., Lepper, B. T., and Pickard, W. H. (1992). Recent excavations at the Great Circle, Newark, Ohio. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Grand Rapids, MI.
Yerkes, R. W. (1990). Using microwear analysis to investigate domestic activities and craft specialization at the Murphy site, a small Hopewell settlement in Licking County, OH. In Knutsson, K., and Taffinder, J. (eds.), The Interpretive Possibilities of Microwear Studies, Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensi, Aun 14, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 167–176.
Yerkes, R. W. (1994). A consideration of the function of Ohio Hopewell bladelets. Lithic Technology 19: 109–127.
Yerkes, R. W. (2002). Hopewell tribes: A study of the Middle Woodland social organization in the Ohio Valley. In Parkinson, W. A. (ed.), The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 227–245.
Yerkes, R. W. (2005). Bone chemistry, body parts, and growth marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian seasonality, subsistence, ritual and feasting. American Antiquity 70: 241–265.
Yerkes, R. W. (2006). Middle Woodland settlements and social organization in the central Ohio Valley: Were the Hopewell really farmers? In Charles, D. K., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), Recreating Hopewell: New Perspectives on Middle Woodland in Eastern North America, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 50–61.
Yoffee, N., and Cowgill, G. (eds.) (1988). The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Bibliography of recent literature
Anderson, D. G., and Mainfort, R. (2002). The Woodland Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Brown, J. A. (1997). The archaeology of ancient religion in the Eastern Woodlands. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 26: 465–485.
Bullington, J. (1988). Middle Woodland mound structure: Social implications and regional context. In Charles, D. K., Leigh, S., and Buikstra, J. E. (eds.), The Archaic and Woodland Cemeteries at the Elizabeth Site in the Lower Illinois Valley, Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, IL.
Carr, C., and Komorowski, J. C. (1995). Identifying the mineralogy of rock temper in ceramics using x-radiography. American Antiquity 60: 723–749.
Cowan, F. L., and Sunderhaus, T. K. (2002). Dating the Stubbs “woodworks.” Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter 14: 11–16.
Elam, J. M., Carr, C., Glascock, M. D., and Neff, H. (1992). Ultrasonic disaggregation and INAA of textural fractions of Tucson Basin and Ohio Valley ceramics. In Neff, J. (ed.), Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Pastes in Archaeology, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 93–111.
Farnsworth, K. B. (2004). Early Hopewell Mound Explorations: The First Fifty Years in the Illinois River Valley, Studies in Archaeology No. 3, Illinois Transportation Archaeology Research Program, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Fie, S. M. (2000). An Integrative Study of Ceramic Exchange during the Illinois Valley Middle Woodland Period, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Buffalo.
Fortier, A. C. (1998). Pre-Mississippian economies in the American Bottom of southwestern Illinois, 3000 B.C.-A.D. 1050. Research in Economic Anthropology 19: 341–392.
Fortier, A. C. (2000). The emergence and demise of the Middle-Woodland small-tool tradition in the American Bottom. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 25: 191–213.
Fortier, A. C., and Ghosh, S. (2000). The Bosque Medio site: A Hopewellian campsite in the American Bottom uplands. Illinois Archaeology 12: 1–56.
Hively, R., and Horn, R. (2006). A statistical study of lunar alignments at the Newark Earthworks. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 31: 281–322.
Holt, J. Z. (2000). Animal Exploitation and the Middle to Late Woodland Transition: A Comparison of Animal Use at Mound Centers and Hamlets in the Lower and Central Illinois Valley, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York.
Hughes, R. E. (1992). Another look at Hopewell obsidian studies. American Antiquity 57: 515–523.
Hughes, R. E. (1995). Source identification of obsidian from the Trowbridge site (14WY1), a Hopewellian site in Kansas. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 105–113.
Hughes, R. E., Berres, T. E., Moore, D. M., and Farnsworth, K. (1998). Revision of Hopewell trading patterns in midwestern North America based on mineralogical sourcing. Geoarchaeology 13: 709–729.
Jakes, K. A., and Ericksen, A. (2001). Prehistoric use of sumac and bedstraw as dye plants in eastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 20: 56–66.
Keener, C. S., and Biehl, S. M. (1999). Examination and distribution of Woodland period sites along the Twin Creek drainage in southwestern Ohio. North American Archaeologist 20: 319–346.
Konigberg, L. (1985). Demography and mortuary practice at Seip Mound One. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 10: 123–148.
Lemons, R., and Church, F. (1998). A use wear analysis of Hopewell bladelets from Paint Creek Lake site #5, Ross County, Ohio. North American Archaeology 19: 269–277.
Lepper, B., Yerkes, R. W., and Pickard, W. H. (2001). Prehistoric flint procurement strategies at Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 26: 53–78.
Madsen, M. E. (2001). Evolutionary bet-hedging and the Hopewell cultural climax. In Hunt, T. L., Lipo, C. P., and Sterling, S. L. (eds.), Posing Questions for a Scientific Archaeology, Bergen and Garvey, Westport, CT, pp. 279–304.
Mainfort, Jr., R., and Sullivan, L. (eds.) (1998). Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Mainfort, Jr., R., and Walling, R. (1992). 1989 Excavations at Pinson Mounds: Ozier Mound. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 17: 112–135.
Mainfort, Jr., R., Cogswell, J. W., O’Brien, M. J., Neff, H., and Glascock, M. D. (1997). Neutron activation analysis of pottery from Pinson Mounds and nearby sites in western Tennessee: Local production vs. long-distance importation. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 22: 43–68.
Martin, A. (2005). Agents in inter-action: Bruno Latore and agency. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12: 283–311.
McConaughy, M. (2005). Middle Woodland Hopewellian cache blades: Blanks or finished tools? Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30: 217–258.
Nolan, K., Seeman, M., and Theler, J. (2007). A quantitative analysis of skill and efficiency: Hopewell blade production at the Turner workshop, Hamilton County, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 32: 297–329.
O’Neil, M., O’Mansky, M., and MacGregor, J. (2005). Modeling the natural degradation of earthworks. Geoarchaeology 20: 739–748.
Pederson, J., and Burks, J. J. (2002). Detecting the Shriver Circle Earthwork, Ross County, Ohio. Hopewell Archaeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 5: 10–11.
Perino, G. (2006). Illinois Hopewell and Late Woodland Mounds, Studies in Archaeology No. 4, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Riordan, R. (2007). Report on the Excavations of the Moorehead Circle at Fort Ancient, 2006, Reports in Anthropology No. 9, Laboratory of Anthropology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
Ruhl, K., and Seeman, M. F. (1998). The temporal and social implications of Ohio Hopewell copper ear spool design. American Antiquity 63: 651–662.
Seeman, M. F., and Dancey, W. S. (2000). The Late Woodland period in southern Ohio: Basic issues and prospects. In Emerson, T., McElrath, D., and Fortier, A. (eds.), Late Woodland Societies, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 583–612.
Shackley, M. S. (1997). Source provenance of obsidian artifacts from the Mount Vernon Hopewell period site (12-PO-885), Posey County, Indiana: An energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) study. In Hopewell in Mt. Vernon: A Study of the Mt. Vernon Site (12-PO-885), General Electric, Mt. Vernon, IN, pp. 175–183.
Smith, B. D. (1995). The Emergence of Agriculture, W. H. Freeman, New York.
Stoltman, J. B., and Mainfort, Jr., R. (2002). Minerals and elements: Using petrography to reconsider the findings of neutron activation and in the compositional analysis of ceramics from Pinson Mounds, Tennessee. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 27: 1–33.
Taxman, S. (1994). Nonmetric trait variation in the Adena peoples of the Ohio River drainage. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 19: 71–98.
Van Gilder, C., and Charles, D. (2003). Archaeology as cultural encounter: The legacy of Hopewell. In Jeske, R., and Charles, D. (eds.), Theory, Method, and Practice in Modern Archaeology, Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 114–129.
Van Nest, J., Charles, D. K., Buikstra, J. E., and Asch, D. L. (2001). Sod blocks in Illinois Hopewell mounds. American Antiquity 66: 633–650.
Vickery, K. (1994). Evidence supporting the theory of climatic change and the decline of Hopewell. Wisconsin Archaeologist 75: 142–163.
Weinberger, J. P. (2006). Ohio Hopewell Earthworks: An Examination of Site Use from Non-Mound Space at the Hopewell Site, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.
Weller, R. (2005). Recent excavations at the Haven Site (33DL1448) and the Knowlton site (33DL1450). Current Research in Ohio Archaeology 2005. Available at http://www.ohioarchaeology.org. [accessed January 2007].
Wisseman, S. U., Moore, D. M., Hughes, R. E., Hynes, M. R., and Emerson, T. E. (2002). Mineralogical approaches to sourcing pipes and figurines from the eastern Woodlands, USA. Geoarchaeology 17: 689–715.
Wymer, D. (1992). Trends and disparities: The Woodland paleoethnobotanical record of the Mid-Ohio Valley. In Seeman, M. F. (ed.), Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Special Paper No. 7, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, pp. 65–76.
Wymer, D. (2006). Organic material on Hopewell copper: The Field Museum’s Hopewell site collection. Paper presented at the 50th meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Urbana, IL.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the editors, Gary Feinman and T. Douglas Price, for extending the invitation to write this article. My bias of knowledge towards Ohio research is evident and undoubtedly some important research efforts have been omitted. Any omissions or errors in presentation are unintended and entirely my own. I have relied on the gracious input of many scholars in writing this article. I especially extend thanks to Jarrod Burks, Christopher Carr, Doug Charles, Bill Dancey, Ann Freter, N’omi Greber, Paul Pacheco, Bob Riordan, Mark Seeman, Al Tonetti, Dee Anne Wymer, and Rick Yerkes. Several anonymous reviewers also added constructive comments that helped shape some of my opinions. I also thank Peg Sattler and her crew at Ohio University’s graphics lab for producing Figure 2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abrams, E.M. Hopewell Archaeology: A View from the Northern Woodlands. J Archaeol Res 17, 169–204 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-008-9028-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-008-9028-0