Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Plant biostimulants: a review on the processing of macroalgae and use of extracts for crop management to reduce abiotic and biotic stresses

  • Published:
Journal of Applied Phycology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A biostimulant is an organic material that, when applied in small quantities, enhances plant growth and development such that the response cannot be attributed to the application of traditional plant nutrients. This review is aimed at highlighting developments in the processing of macroalgae for agricultural biostimulants (AB), summarising the biologically active components of brown macroalgae and examining the factors supporting the use of macroalgal AB for managing abiotic and biotic stresses in crop plants. The policy drivers supporting the use of macroalgal-derived ABs in agriculture are also emphasised. We examine the use of macroalgal ABs in crop production and evaluated the benefits of seed priming, foliar application, soil drenches and hydroponic treatments. The use of macroalgal ABs on crop plants can generate multiple benefits with reported effects including enhanced rooting, higher crop and fruit yields, freezing, drought and salt tolerance, enhanced photosynthetic activity and resistance to fungi, bacteria and virus. ABs can be applied as an alternative, or used in conjunction with synthetic crop protection products and plant growth regulators, and may have a role in maintaining crop production levels, health and quality in the future when many active ingredients will be lost to the industry due to changes in European Union regulations. Worldwide, macroalgae remain largely unexploited, we highlight some of the future research and development priorities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Mawgoud AMR, Tantaway AS, Hafez MM, Habib HAM (2010) Seaweed extract improves growth, yield and quality of different watermelon hybrids. Res J Agri Biol Sc 6:161–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abe H, Uchiyama M, Sato R (1972) Isolation and identification of native auxins in marine algae. Agri Biol Chem Tokyo 36:2259–2260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams JMM, Ross AB, Anastasakis K, Hodgson EM, Gallagher JA, Jones JM, Donnison IS (2011) Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the bioenergy feedstock Laminaria digitata for thermochemical conversion. Bioresour Technol 102:226–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari U, Mateii CG, Chattopadhyay K, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Ray B (2006) Structure and antiviral activity of sulfated fucans from Stoechospermum marginatum. Phytochemistry 67:2474–2482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken TB, Senn TL (1965) Seaweed product as fertiliser and soil conditioner for horticultural crops. Bot Mar 8:144–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akimoto C, Aoyagi H, Dicosmo F, Tanaka H (2000) Synergistic effect of active oxygen species and alginate on chitinase production by Wasabia japonica cells and its application. J Biosci Bioeng 89:131–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Akula A, Akula C, Bateson M (2000) Betaine a novel candidate for rapid induction of somatic embryogenesis in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Plant Growth Regul 30:241–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R, Aloni E, Langhans M, Ullrich CI (2006) Role of cytokinin and auxin in shaping root architecture: regulating vascular differentiation, lateral root initiation, root apical dominance and root gravitropism. Ann Bot 97:883–893

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anastyuk SD, Shevchenko NM, Nazarenko EL, Dmitrenok PS, Zvyagintseva TN (2009) Structural analysis of a fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens by MALDI-TOF and tandem ESI mass spectrometry. Carbohyd Res 344:779–787

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2004) European Environment Agency Impacts of Europe’s changing climate, an indicator-based assessment. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2006) Aquatic plant extracts. Technical Evaluation Report, USDA National Organic programme, January 31

  • Anon (2011) Foresight. The future of food and farming. The Government Office for Science, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Araujo IB, Peruch LAM, Stadnik MJ (2012) Efeito do extrato de alga e da argila silicatada na severidade da alternariose e na produtividade da cebolinha comum (Allium fistulosum L.). Trop Plant Pathol 37:363–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Augier H (1974) Les phytohormones des algues I. Etude biochemique. Ann Sc Nat Bot 15:1–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz A, Poinssot B, Daire X, Adrian M, Bézier A, Lambert B, Joubert JM, Pugin A (2003) Laminarin elicits defense responses in grapevine and induces protection against Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola. Mol Plant Microbe 16:1118–1128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basak A (2008) Effect of preharvest treatment with seaweed products, Kelpak and Goemar BM 86 on fruit quality in apple. Int J Fruit Sci 8:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Basse CW, Bock K, Boller T (1992) Elicitors and suppressors of the defence response in tomato cells. Purification and characterisation of glycopeptide elicitors and glycan suppressors generated by enzymic cleavage of yeast invertase. J Biol Chem 267:10258–10265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett RP, van Staden J (1989) The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth and yield of potassium stressed wheat. Plant Soil 116:29–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett RP, van Staden J (1990) The effect of seaweed concentrate on the yield of nutrient stressed wheat. Bot Mar 33:147–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckett RP, Mathegka ADM, van Staden J (1994) Effect of seaweed concentrate on yield of nutrient-stressed tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray). J Appl Phycol 6:429–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi F, Iqbal S, Arman M, Ali A, Hassan MU (2011) Carrageenan as an elicitor of induced secondary metabolites and its effects on various growth characters of chickpea and maize plants. J Saudi Chem Soc 15:269–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilan MI, Grachev AA, Ustuzhanina NE (2002) Structure of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus evanescens C.Ag. Carbohyd Res 337:719–730

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biomara (2012) http://www.biomara.org/ website accessed 28 Dec 2012

  • Bixler HJ, Porse H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol 23:321–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Black W (1950) The seasonal variation in weight and chemical composition of the common British Laminariaceae. J Mar Biol Ass UK 29:45–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum A (2011) Plant breeding for water limited environments. Springer, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumwald E (2000) Sodium transport and salt tolerance in plants. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:431–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blunden G (1977) Cytokinin activity in seaweed extracts. In: Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Brøgger Christensen S, Kofod H (eds) Natural products and drug development, Alfred Benzon Symposium 20, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 177–190

  • Blunden G, Wildgoose PB (1977) Effects of aqueous seaweed extract and kinetin on potato yields. J Sci Food Agr 28:121–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blunden G, Jenkins T, Liu Y-W (1996a) Enhanced leaf chlorophyll levels in plants treated with seaweed extract. J Appl Phycol 8:535–543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blunden G, Yang M-H, Yuan Z-X, Smith BE, Patel AV, Cegarra JA, Mathe I, Janicsak G (1996b) Betaine distribution in the Labiatae. Biochem Syst Ecol 24:71–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG (1996) Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants. Trends Biotechnol 14:89–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boller T (1995) Chemoperception of microbial signals in plant cells. Annu Rev Plant Phys 46:189–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boney AD (1965) Aspects of the biology of the seaweeds of economic importance. Adv Mar Biol 3:105–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth E (1969) The manufacture and properties of liquid seaweed extracts. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 6:655–662

    Google Scholar 

  • Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (eds) (2013) Algae for biofuels and energy. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyhan GE, Randle WM, Purvis AC, Lewis PM, Torrance RL, Curry DE, Linton DO (2001) Evaluation of growth stimulants on short-day onions. HortTechnology 11:38–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bray EA, Bailley-Serres J, Weretilnyk E (2000) Responses to abiotic stresses. In: Gruissem W, Buchannan B, Jones R (eds) Response to abiotic stresses. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, pp 1156–1249

    Google Scholar 

  • Briand X (1991) Seaweed harvesting in Europe. In: Guiry MD, Blunden G (eds) Seaweed resources in Europe: uses and potential. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Briand X, Cluzet S, Dumas B, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T, Salamagne S (2011) Use of ulvans as elicitors of mechanisms for nitrogen absorption and protein synthesis. US Patent 7,892,311

  • Burchett S, Fuller MP, Jellings AJ (1998) Application of seaweed extract improves winter hardiness of winter barley cv Igri. The Society for Experimental Biology, Annual Meeting, The York University, March 22–27, 1998. Experimental Biol Online. Springer ISSN 1430-34-8

  • Burke JI, Brereton AJ, O’Kiely P, Schulte RP (2004) Weather and crop production. In: Keane J, Collins JF (eds) Climate weather and Irish agriculture. Agmet, Dublin, pp 161–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai ZZ, Kastell A, Mewis I, Knorr D, Smetanska I (2012) Polysaccharide elicitors enhance anthocyanin and phenolic acid accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera. Plant Cell Tiss Org 108:401–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campos PS, Thi ATP (1997) Effects of abscisic acid pretreatment on membrane leakage and lipid composition of Vigna unguiculata leaf discs subjected to osmotic pressure. Plant Sci 130:11–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerna M (2011) Seaweed protein and amino acids as neutraceuticals. Adv Food Nutri Res 64:297–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandía NP, Matsuhiro B (2008) Characterization of a fucoidan from Lessonia vadosa (Phaeophyta) and its anticoagulant and elicitor properties. Int J Biol Macromol 42:235–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandía NP, Matsuhiro B, Mejías E, Moenne A (2004) Alginic acids in Lessonia vadosa partial hydrolysis and elicitor properties of the polymannuronic acid fraction. J Appl Phycol 16:127–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman VJ, Chapman DJ (1980) Seaweeds and their uses. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopin T, Sawhney M (2009) Seaweeds and their mariculture. In: Steele JH, Thorpe SA, Turekian KK (eds) Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 4477–4487

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouliaras V, Gerascapoulos D, Lionakis S (1997) Effect of seaweed extract on fruit growth, weight, and maturation of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. Acta Hort 444:485–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouliaras V, Tasioula M, Chatzissavvidis C, Therios I, Tsabolatidou E (2009) The effects of a seaweed extract in addition to nitrogen and boron fertilization on productivity, fruit maturation, leaf nutritional status and oil quality of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Koroneiki. J Sci Food Agr 89:984–988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuecas L, Riley JP (1969) Component fatty acids of the total lipids of some marine phytoplankton. Mar Biol Ass UK 49:97–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung WC, Huang JW, Huang HC (2005) Formulation of a soil biofungicide for control of damping off of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Biol Control 32:287–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark DE, Green HC (1936) Alginic acid and process of making same. US Patent 2036922

  • Clarke J, Wynn S, Twining S, Berry P, Cook S, Ellis S, Gladders P (2009) Pesticide availability for cereals and oilseeds following of Directive 91/414/EEC; effects of losses and new research priorities. HGCA Res Rev 70. ADAS Boxworth, Cambridge

  • Clarke JH, Wynn SC, Twining SE (2011) Impact of changing pesticide availability. In: Orson J, Bush M, Cook S, Boys E, Cussans J (eds) Aspects of applied biology 106: Crop protection in Southern Britain, pp. 263–267

  • Cluzet S, Torregrosa C, Jacquet C, Lafitte C, Fournier J, Mercier L, Salamagne S, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Dumas B (2004) Gene expression profiling and protection of Medicago truncatula against a fungal infection in response to an elicitor from green algae Ulva sp. Plant Cell Environ 27:917–928

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colapietra M, Alexander A (2006) Effect of foliar fertilization on yield and quality of table grapes. Acta Hort 721:213–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Conchie J, Percival EGV (1950) Fucoidin part II. The hydrolysis of a methylated fucoidin prepared from Fucus vesiculosus. J Chem Soc 1950:827–833

    Google Scholar 

  • Coon L, Roland W (1980) Harvesting impacts on Macrocystis integrifolia: a preliminary study. British Columbia Ministry of Environment: Marine Resources Branch, British Columbia. http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/fisheries/commercial/marineplants/HarvestingImpacts-FDR12.pdf. Accessed 10 Jul 2012

  • Craigie JS (2011) Seaweed extract stimuli in plant science and agriculture. J Appl Phycol 23:371–393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, van Staden J (1991) Evidence for rooting factors in a seaweed concentrate prepared from Ecklonia maxima. J Plant Physiol 137:319–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, van Staden J (1992) Effect of seaweed concentrate on the establishment and yield of greenhouse tomato plants. J Appl Phycol 4:291–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, van Staden J (1993a) Evidence for the presence of plant growth regulators in commercial seaweed products. Plant Growth Regul 13:21–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, van Staden J (1993b) Effect of seaweed concentrate from Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss on Meloidogyne incognita infestation on tomato. J Appl Phycol 5:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, van Staden J (1994) Commercial seaweed products as biostimulants in horticulture. J Home Consum Hort 1:19–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, Beckett RP, van Staden J (1990) Effect of seaweed concentrate on growth and mineral nutrition of nutrient stressed lettuce. J Appl Phycol 2:269–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouch IJ, Smith MT, van Staden J, Lewis MJ, Hoad GV (1992) Identification of auxins in a commercial seaweed concentrate. J Plant Physiol 139:590–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies PJ (2010) Plant hormones. Biosynthesis, signal transduction, action, vol 3. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • de Freitas MB, Stadnik MJ (2012) Race-specific and ulvan-induced defense responses in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol Mol Plant P 78:8–13

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lucia B, Vecchietti L (2012) Type of biostimulant and application method effects on stem quality and root system growth in LA Lily. Euro J Hort Sci 77:10–15

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos M, van Zaanen W, Koornnef A, Korzelius JP, Dicke M, van Loon LC, Pieterse MJ (2006) Hervivore-induced resistance against microbial pathogens in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 142:352–363

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Waele D, McDonald AH, De Waele E (1988) Influence of seaweed concentrate on the reproduction of Pratylenchus zeae (Nematoda) on maize. Nematologica 34:71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Demir N, Dural B, Yldrm K (2006) Effect of seaweed suspensions on seed germination of tomato, pepper and aubergine. J Biol Sci 6:1130–1133

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhargalkar VK, Verlecar XN (2009) Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquaculture 287:229–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dokken KM, Davis LC, Erickson LE, Castro-Diaz S, Marinkovic NS (2005) Synchrotron fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy: a new tool to monitor the fate of organic contaminants in plants. Microchem J 81:86–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolferus R, Ji X, Richards RA (2011) Abiotic stress and control of grain number in cereals. Plant Sci 181:331–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doty MS, Caddy JF, Santelices B (1987) Case study of seven commercial seaweed resources. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Dropkin VH, Helgeson JP, Upper CD (1969) The hypersensitivity reaction of tomatoes resistant to Meloidogyne incognita: reversal by cytokinins. J Nematol 1:55–61

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwelle RB, Hurley PJ (1984) The effects of foliar application of cytokinins on potato yields in southeastern Idaho. Am Potato J 61:293–299

    Google Scholar 

  • EBIC (2012) http://www.biostimulants.eu/ website. Accessed 14 Dec 2012

  • El Modafar C, Elgadda M, El Boutachfaiti R, Abouraicha E, Zehhar N, Petit E, El Alaoui-Talibi Z, Courtois B, Courtois J (2012) Induction of natural defence accompanied by salicylic acid-dependant systemic acquired resistance in tomato seedlings in response to bioelicitors isolated from green algae. Sci Hortic Amsterdam 138:55–63

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed SF (1995) Response of three sweet pepper cultivars to biozyme under unheated plastic house conditions. Sci Hortic Amsterdam 61:285–290

    Google Scholar 

  • EnAlgae (2012) http://www.nuigalway.ie/research/seaweed_centre/isrg_project_enalgae.html, website accessed on 14 Dec 2012

  • Eyras MC, Defossé DE, Dellatorre F (2008) Seaweed compost as an amendment for horticultural soils in Patagonia, Argentina. Compost Sci Util 16:119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan D, Hodges DM, Zhang J, Kirby CW, Ji X, Locke SJ, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2011) Commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhances phenolic antioxidant content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) which protects Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative and thermal stress. Food Chem 124:195–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2011) Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2015. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2012) Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics 2010, www.fao.org/docrep, accessed Dec 2012

  • Farooq M, Aziz T, Basra SMA, Cheema MA, Rehman H (2008) Chilling tolerance in hybrid maize induced by seed treatments with salicylic acid. J Agron Crop Sci 194:161–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fath A, Boller T (1996) Solubilization, partial purification and characterization of a binding site for a glycopeptide elicitor from microsomal membranes of tomato cells. Plant Physiol 112:1659–1668

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Featonby-Smith BC, van Staden J (1983a) The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of tomato plants in nematode-infested soil. Sci Hortic 20:137–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Featonby-Smith BC, van Staden J (1983b) The effect of seaweed concentrate and fertilizer on the growth of Beta vulgaris. Z Pflanzenphysiol 112:155–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Featonby-Smith BC, van Staden J (1987a) Effect of seaweed concentrate on yield and seed quality of Arachis hypogaea. S Afr J Bot 53:190–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Featonby-Smith BC, van Staden J (1987b) Effect of seaweed concentrate on grain yield of barley. S Afr J Bot 53:125–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari S, Gallettti R, Denoux C, De Lorenzo G, Ausubel FM, Dewdney J (2007) Resistance to Botrytis cinerea induced in Arabidopsis by elicitors is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene, or jasmonate signalling but requires PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3. Plant Physiol 144:367–379

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnan JM, Donnelly A, Burke JI, Jones MB (2002) The effects of elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield. Agr Ecosyst Environ 88:11–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnie JF, van Staden J (1985) Effect of seaweed concentrate and applied hormones on in vitro cultured tomato roots. J Plant Physiol 120:215–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming C, Herbert B (1996) Response of the potato cyst nematode to applications of seaweed concentrate. Proceedings of Crop Protection in Northern Britain, Dundee, pp. 391–396

  • Fleming CC, Turner SJ, Hunt M (2006) Management of root knot nematodes in turfgrass using mustard formulations and biostimulants. Com Agri Appl Biol Sci 71:653–658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury N, Lahaye M (1993a) Studies on by-products from the industrial extraction of alginate, part 1. Chemical and physical–chemical characteristics of dietary fibres from flotation. J Appl Phycol 5:63–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury N, Lahaye M (1993b) Studies on by-products from the industrial extraction of alginate, part 2. Chemical structure analysis of fucans from leach-water. J Appl Phycol 5:605–614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fornes F, Sánchez-Perales M, Guardiola JL (2002) Effect of a seaweed extract on the productivity of ‘de Nules’ clementine mandarin and Navelina orange. Bot Mar 45:486–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenerger WT Jr, Arshad M (1995) Phytohormones in soils. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieder CA, Nam SH, Martz TR, Levin LA (2012) High temporal and spatial variability of dissolved oxygen and pH in a nearshore California kelp forest. Biogeosciences 9:3917–3930

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George EF, Sherrington PD (1984) Plant propagation by tissue culture, Handbook and directory of commercial laboratories. Exegetics Limited, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Chavez GJ, Villa JA, Ayala-Zavala JF, Heredia JB, Sepulveda D, Yahia EM, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA (2013) Technologies for extraction and production of bioactive compounds to be used as nutraceuticals and food ingredients: an overview. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe 12:5–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Bioch 48:909–930

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer I, Apelbaum A, Orion D (1985) Effect of inhibitors and stimulators of ethylene production on gall development in Meloidogyne javanica-infected tomato roots. J Nematol 17:145–149

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goatley JM, Schmidt RE (1990a) Anti-senescence activity of chemicals applied to Kentucky bluegrass. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 115:654–656

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goatley JM, Schmidt RE (1990b) Seedling Kentucky bluegrass growth responses to chelated iron and biostimulator materials. Agron J 82:901–905

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiry MD, Blunden G (1991) Seaweed resources in Europe: uses and potential. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider MW, Ayyub CM, Pervez MA, Asad HU, Manan A, Raza SA, Ashraf I (2012) Impact of foliar application of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Soil Environ 31:157–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanagata N, Uehara H, Ito A, Takeuchi T, Karube I (1994) Elicitor for red pigment formation in Carthamus tinctorius cultured cells. J Biotechnol 34:71–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashmi N, Khan MMA, Moinuddin, Idrees M, Khan ZH, Ali A, Varshney L (2012) Depolymerized carrageenan ameliorates growth, physiological attributes, essential oil yield and active constituents of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Carbohyd Polym 90:407–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam SFI, Hopkins DW (1996) Physical and biological effects of kelp (seaweed) added to soil. Appl Soil Ecol 3:257–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug A (1965) Alginic acid. Isolation and fractionation with potassium chloride and manganous ions. Methods Carbohyd Chem 5:69–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haug A, Larsen B (1962) Quantitative determination of the uronic acid composition of alginates. Acta Chem Scan 16:1908–1918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hearst C, Nelson D, McCollum G, Sharma HSS, Rao JR (2013) Forest fairy ring fungi Clitocybe nebularis soil Bacillus spp., and plant extracts exhibit in vitro antagonism on dieback Phytophthora species. Nat Resour 4:189–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry EC (2005) Report of alkaline extraction of aquatic plants, Science Advisory Council, UK, Aquatic Plant Extracts

  • Herbreteau F, Coiffard LJM, Derrien A, De Roeck-Holtzhauer Y (1997) The fatty acid composition of five species of macroalgae. Bot Mar 40:25–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herve RA, Rouillier DL (1977) Method and apparatus for commuting marine algae and the resulting product. US Patent 4023734

  • Hirsch AM, Bhuvaneswari TV, Torrey JG, Bisseling T (1989) Early nodulin genes are induced in alfalfa root outgrowths elicited by auxin transport inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1244–1249

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holden NM, Sweeney J, Brereton AJ, Fealy R (2004) Climate change and Irish agriculture. In: Keane J, Collins JF (eds) Climate, weather and Irish agriculture. Agmet, Dublin, pp 359–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdt SL, Kraan S (2011) Bioactive compounds in seaweed; functional food applications and legislation. J Appl Phycol 23:543–597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn SJ (2000) Bioenergy from Brown Seaweeds. Department of Biotechnology, Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

  • Hou XL, Yan XJ (1998) Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae. Sci Total Environ 222:141–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy MA (1998) Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 353:1787–1795

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu J, Shi B, Ojokoh ES, Liang P, Li J-M (2012) Effects of alginate oligosaccharides on the accumulation of glyceollins in soybean. Sc Agr Sininica 45:1576–1586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes AD, Black KD, Campbell I, Heymans JJ, Orr KK, Stanley MS, Kelly MS (2013) Comments on prospects for the use of macroalgae for fuel in Ireland and UK: an overview of marine management issues. Mar Policy 38:554–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Inui H, Yamaguchi Y, Hirano S (1997) Elicitor actions of N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides and laminari-oligosaccharides for chitinase and L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase induction in rice suspension culture. Biosci Biotech Bioch 61:975–978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito K, Hori K (1989) Seaweed: chemical composition and potential foods uses. Food Rev Int 5:101–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs WP (1986) Are angiosperm hormones present in, and used as hormones by algae? In: Bopp M (ed) Plant growth substances 1985. Springer, Berlin, pp 249–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs WP, Falkenstein K, Hamilton RH (1985) Nature and amount of auxin in algae- IAA from extracts of Caulerpa paspaloides (Siphonales). Plant Physiol 78:844–848

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakab G, Ton J, Flors V, Zimmerli L, Metraux JP, Mauch-Mani B (2005) Enhancing Arabidopsis salt and drought stress tolerance by chemical priming for its abscisic acid responses. Plant Physiol 139:267–274

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson PE (1993) Plant hormones in the algae. Prog Phycol Res 9:239–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jannin L, Arkoun M, Etienne P, Laine P, Goux G, Fuentes M, San Francisco S, Baigorri R, Cruz F, Houdusse F, Garcia-Mina J-M, Yvin J-C, Ourry A (2013) Brassica napus growth is promoted by Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) seaweed extract: microarray analysis and physiological characterisation of N, C and S metabolisms. J Plant Growth Regul 32:31–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaulneau V, Lafitte C, Jacquet C, Fournier S, Salamagne S, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T, Dumas B (2010) Ulvan, a sulphated polysaccharide from green algae, activates plant immunity through the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010:525291

  • Jaulneau V, Lafitte C, Corio-Costet F-M, Stadnik MJ, Salamagne S, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T, Dumas B (2011) An Ulva armoricana extract protects plants against three powdery mildew pathogens. Eur J Plant Pathol 131:393–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayaraj J, Wan A, Rahman M, Punja ZK (2008) Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases on carrot. Crop Prot 27:1360–1366

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeannin I, Lescure JC, Morot-Gaudry JF (1991) The effects of aqueous seaweed sprays on the growth of maize. Bot Mar 34:469–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung KA, Lim S-R, Kim Y, Park JM (2013) Potentials of macroalgae as feedstocks for biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 135:182–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaivanan C, Venkatesalu V (2012) Utilization of seaweed Sargassum myriocystum extracts as a stimulant of seedlings of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Span J Agric Res 10:466–470

    Google Scholar 

  • Katayama S, Nishio T, Iseya Z, Kishimura H, Saeki H (2009) Effects of manufacturing factors on the viscosity of a polysaccharide solution extracted from Gagome Kjellmaniella crassifolia. Fisheries Sci 75:491–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly MS, Dworjanyn S (2008) The potential of marine biomass for anaerobic biogas production: a feasibility study with recommendations for further research. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, The Crown Estate

  • Kelpak (2013) http://www.kelpak.com/, website accessed Jan 2013

  • Khan W, Rayorath UP, Subramanian S, Jithesh MN, Rayorath P, Hodges DM, Critchley AT, Craigie JS, Norrie J, Prithiviraj B (2009) Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Plant Growth Regul 28:386–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan AS, Ahmad B, Jaskani MJ, Ahmad R, Malik AU (2012) Foliar application of mixture of amino acids and seaweed (Ascophylum nodosum) extract improve growth and physicochemical properties of grapes. Int J Agric Biol 14:383–388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingman AR, Moore J (1982) Isolation, purification and quantification of several growth regulating substances in Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta). Bot Mar 25:149–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiseleva AA, Tarachovskaya ER, Shishova MF (2012) Biosynthesis of phytohormones in algae. Russ J Plant Physiol 59:595–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klarzynski O, Plesse B, Joubert J-M, Ybin J-C, Kopp M, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2000) Linear beta 1-3 glucans are elicitors of defense response in tobacco. Plant Physiol 124:1027–1037

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klarzynski O, Descamps V, Plesse B, Yvine JC, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2003) Sulfated fucan oligosaccharides elicit defense responses in tobacco and local and systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus. Mol Plant Microbe Int 16:115–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight H (2000) Calcium signalling during abiotic stress in plants. Int Rev Cytol 195:269–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi A, Tai A, Kanzaki H, Kawazu K (1993) Elicitor-active oligosaccharides from algal laminaran stimulate the production of antifungal compounds in alfalfa. Z Naturforsch C 48:575–579

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochba J, Samish RM (1971) Effects of kinetin and 1-naphthylacetic acid on root-knot nematodes in resistant and susceptible peach root stocks. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 96:458–461

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochba J, Samish RM (1972) Level of endogenous cytokinins and auxin in roots of nematode resistant and susceptible peach root stocks. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 97:115–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajnc AU, Ivanus A, Kristl J, Susek A (2012) Seaweed extract elicits the metabolic responses in leaves and enhances growth of Pelargonium cuttings. Euro J Hort Sci 77:170–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer PJ (1983) Water relations of plants. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreps JA, Wu YJ, Chang HS, Zhu T, Wang X, Harper JF (2002) Transcriptome changes for Arabidiopsis in response to salt, osmotic and cold stress. Plant Physiol 130:2129–2141

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuisma P (1989) The effect of foliar application of seaweed extract on potato. J Agr Sci Finland 61:371–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar G, Sahoo D (2011) Effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth and yield of Triticum aestivum var. Pusa Gold. J Appl Phycol 23:251–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupper FC, Carpenter LJ, McFiggans GB, Palmer CJ, Waite TJ, Bonebergb E-M, Woitsch S, Weiller M, Abela R, Grolimund D, Potin P, Butler A, Luther GW III, Kroneck PMH, Meyer-Klaucke W, Feiters MC (2008) Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:6954–6958

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyndt T, Nahar K, Haegeman A, De Vleesschauwer D, Hofte M, Gheysen G (2012) Comparing systemic defence-related gene expression changes upon migratory and sedentary nematode attack in rice. Plant Biol 14:73–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laporte D, Vera J, Chandía NP, Zúñiga EA, Matsuhiro B, Moenne A (2007) Structurally unrelated algal oligosaccharides differentially stimulate growth and defense against tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco plants. J Appl Phycol 19:79–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapshina LA, Reunov AV, Nagorskaya VP, Zvyagintseva TN, Shevchenko NM (2006) Inhibitory effect of fucoidan from brown alga Fucus evanescens on the spread of infection induced by tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco leaves of two cultivars. Russ J Plant Physiol 53:246–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen B, Salem DMSA, Sallam MAE, Mishrikey MM, Beltagy AI (2003) Characterization of the alginates from algae harvested at the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Carbohydr Res 338:2325–2336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal D, Matsuhiro B, Rossi M, Caruso F (2008) FT-IR spectra of alginic acid block fractions in three species of brown seaweeds. Carbohydr Res 343:308–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung J, Orfanidi S, Chefdor F, Meszaros T, Bolte S, Mizoguchi T, Shinozaki K, Giraudat J, Bogre L (2006) Antagonistic interaction between MAP kinase and protein phosphatase 2C in stress recovery. Plant Sci 171:596–606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis J, Salam F, Slack N, Winton M, Hobson L (2011) Product options for the processing of macro-algae. Summary report, The Crown Estate

  • Little H, Spann TM (2010) Commercial extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum increase growth and improve water status of potted citrus rootstocks under deficit irrigation. Hortscience 45:S63

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Mosquera ME, Pazos P (1997) Effects of seaweed on potato yields and soil chemistry. Biol Agric Hortic 14:199–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyola N, Munoz C (2011) Effect of the biostimulant foliar addition of marine algae on cv O’Neal blueberries production. J Agr Sci Tech B 1:1059–1074

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabeau S, Kloareg B (1987) Isolation and analysis of the cell walls of brown algae: Fucus spiralis, Fucus ceranoides, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Laminaria digitata. J Exp Bot 38:1573–1580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald JE, Hacking J, Norrie J (2010) Extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum enhance spring root egress after freezer storage in Picea glauca seedlings. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulation Society of America, Portland

  • MacDonald JE, Hacking J, Weng YH, Norrie J (2012) Root growth of containerized lodgepole pine seedlings in response to Ascophyllum nodosum extract application during nursery culture. Can J Plant Sci 92:1207–1212

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackinnon SL, Hiltz D, Ugarte R, Craft CA (2010) Improved methods of analysis for betaines in Ascophyllum nodosum and its commercial seaweed extracts. J Appl Phycol 22:489–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso S, Azzarello E, Mugnai S, Briand X (2006) Marine bioactive substances (IPA extract) improve foliar iron uptake and water tolerance in potted Vitis vinifera plants. Adv Hort Sci 20:156–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin TJG, Turner SJ, Fleming CC (2007) Management of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) with bio-fumigants/stimulants. Comm Agri Appl Biol Sci 72:671–675

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matysiak K, Kaczmarek S, Krawczyk R (2011) Influence of seaweed extracts and mixture of humic acid fulvic acids on germination and growth of Zea mays L. Acta Sci Pol Agri 10:33–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur H, Konop A, Synak R (2001) Indole-3-acetic acid in the culture medium of two axenic green microalgae. J Appl Phycol 13:35–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann MC, Bush M, Milionia D, Sadoa P, Stacey NJ, Catchpole G, Defernez M, Carpita NC, Hoft H, Ulvskov P, Wilson RH, Roberts K (2001) Approaches to understanding the functional architecture of the plant cell wall. Phytochemistry 57:811–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGeary DJ, Birkenhead WE (1984) Effect of seaweed extract on growth and yield of onions. J Aust Inst Agr Sci 50:49–50

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh DJ (1987) Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds. FAO Fisheries Tech Paper 288

  • McHugh DJ (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technology, FAO Rome

  • McLaughlin E, Kelly J, Birkett D, Maggs C, Dring M (2006) Assessment of the effects of commercial seaweed harvesting on intertidal and subtidal ecology in Northern Ireland. Environment and Heritage Service Research and Development Series. No. 06/26

  • Meland M, Rebours C (2012) Short description of the Norwegian seaweed industry. Bioforsk Fokus 7:275–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Ménard R, Alban S, de Ruffray P, Jamois F, Franz G, Fritig B, Yvin JC, Kauffmann S (2004) β-1,3 glucan sulfate, but not β-1,3 glucan induces salicylic acid signalling pathway in tobacco and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:3020–3032

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendo T, Wosnitza T, Barrantes JG (2006) Utilization of seaweed Ulva sp. in Paracas Bay (Peru): experimenting with compost. J Appl Phycol 18:27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercier L, Lafitte C, Borderies G, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Fournier J (2001) The algal polysaccharide carrageenans can act as an elicitor of plant defence. New Phytol 149:43–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milton RF (1952) Improvements in or relating to horticultural and agricultural fertilizers. British Patent 664989

  • Milton RF (1964) Liquid seaweed as a fertilizer. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 4:428–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe ST, Draget KI, Skjåk-Braek G, Smidsrød O (1995) Alginates. In: Stephen AM (ed) Food polysaccharides and their applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 245–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Moenne A (2009) Composition and method to stimulate growth and defense against pathogens in plants. US Patent 12,666,700

  • Moller M, Smith ML (1999) The effects of priming treatments using seaweed suspensions on the water sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caryopses. Ann Appl Biol 135:515–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey K, O’Donoghue C, Hynes S (2011) Quantifying the value of multi-sectoral marine commercial activity in Ireland. Mar Policy 35:721–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Munshaw GC, Ervin EH, Shang C, Askew SD, Zhang X, Lemus RW (2006) Influence of late-season iron, nitrogen, and seaweed extract on fall color retention and cold tolerance of four bermudagrass cultivars. Crop Sci 46:273–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nabati DA, Schmidt RE, Parrish DJ (1994) Alleviation of salinity stress in Kentucky bluegrass by plant growth regulators and iron. Crop Sci 43:198–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Naeem M, Idrees M, Aftab T, Khan MMA, Moinuddin, Varshney L (2012) Depolymerised carrageenan enhances physiological activities and menthol production in Mentha arvensis L. Carbohydr Polym 87:1211–1218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahar K, Kyndt T, De Vleesschauwer D, Hofte M, Gheysen G (2011) The jasmonate pathway is a key player in systematically induced defence against root knot nematodes in rice. Plant Physiol 157:305–316

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natsume M, Kamo Y, Hirayama M, Adachi T (1994) Isolation and characterization of alginate-derived oligosaccharides with root growth-promoting activities. Carbohydr Res 258:187–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neily W, Shishkov W, Nickerson S, Titus D, Norrie J (2010) Commercial extract from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) improves early establishment and helps resist water stress in vegetable and flower seedlings. Hortscience 45:S105–S106

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson TE, Lewis BA (1974) Separation and characterization of soluble and insoluble components of insoluble laminarin. Carbohydr Res 33:63–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson WR, van Staden J (1984a) The effects of seaweed concentrate on the growth of nutrient-stressed greenhouse cucumbers. Hortscience 19:81–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson WR, van Staden J (1984b) The effect of seaweed concentrate on wheat culms. J Plant Physiol 115:433–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson WR, van Staden J (1986) Effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of wheat. S Afr J Sci 82:199–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto Y, Sasakuma T (2002) Differential stress responses of early salt-stress responding genes in common wheat. Phytochemistry 61:129–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neori A, Shpigel M (2006) Algae: key for sustainable mariculture. In: Critchley AT, Ohno M, Largo DB (eds) Seaweed resources of the world. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Yokosuka

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton L (1951) Seaweed utilization. Sampson Low, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishino T, Nishioka C, Ura H, Nagumo T (1994) Isolation and partial characterization of a novel amino sugar-containing fucan sulfate from commercial Fucus vesiculosus fucoidan. Carbohydr Res 255:213–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter TJ (1983) Algal polysaccharides. In: Aspinall GO (ed) The polysaccharides, vol 2. Academic Press, Ontario, pp 196–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Panikkar R, Brasch DJ (1996) Composition and block structure of alginates from New Zealand brown seaweeds. Carbohydr Res 293:119–132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papenfus HB, Stirk WA, Finnie JF, van Staden J (2012) Seasonal variation in the polyamines of Ecklonia maxima. Bot Mar 55:539–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patier P, Yvin JC, Kloareg B, Liénart Y, Rochas C (1993) Seaweed liquid fertilizer from Ascophyllum nodosum contains elicitors of plant glycanases. J Appl Phycol 5:343–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulert R, Talamini V, Cassolato JEF, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Smania A, Stadnik MJ (2009) Effects of sulphated polysaccharide and alcoholic extracts from green seaweeds Ulva fasciata on anthracnose severity and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J Plant Dis Protect 116:263–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percival E, McDowell RH (1967) Chemistry and enzymology of marine algal polysaccharides. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse CMJ, van Loon LC (2006) Signalling cascades involved in induced resistance. In: Walters D, Newton AC, Lyon GD (eds) Induced resistance for plant defence: a sustainable approach to crop protection. Blackwell Publishing, London, pp 65–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Pociecha E, Płażek A, Janowiak F, Zwierzykowski Z (2008) ABA level, proline and phenolic concentration, and PAL activity induced during cold acclimation in androgenic Festulolium forms with contrasting resistance to frost and pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale). Physiol Mol Plant Path 73:126–132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhavathi V, Rajam MV (2007) Mannitol-accumulating transgenic eggplants exhibit enhanced resistance to fungal wilts. Plant Sci 173:50–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle JD, James D, Tseng CK (1989) Overview of a workshop on production and utilization of commercial seaweeds—Quindao, China. J Appl Phycol 1:83–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Radley M (1961) Gibberellin-like substances in plants; seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus). Nature 191:685

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavendra VB, Lokesh S, Govindappa M, Vasanth KT (2007) Dravya—as an organic agent for the management of seed-borne fungi of sorghum and its role in the induction of defense enzymes. Pestic Biochem Phys 89:190–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramya SS, Nagaraj S, Vijayanand N (2011) Influence of seaweed liquid extracts on growth, biochemical and yield characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonolaba (L.) Taub. J Phytol 3:37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao PVS, Mantri VA, Ganesan K (2007) Mineral composition of edible seaweed Porphyra vietnamensis. Food Chem 102:215–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathore SS, Chaudhary DR, Boricha GN, Ghosh A, Bhatt BP, Zodape ST, Patolia JS (2009) Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions. S Afr J Bot 75:351–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayorath P, Jithes MN, Farid A, Khan W, Palanisamy R, Hankins SD, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2008a) Rapid bioassays to evaluate the plant growth promoting activity of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. using a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh. J Appl Phycol 20:423–429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayorath P, Khan W, Palanisamy R, MacKinnon SL, Stefanova R, Hankins SD, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2008b) Extracts of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum induce gibberellic acid (GA3)-independent amylase activity in barley. J Plant Growth Regul 27:370–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayorath P, Benkel B, Hodges DM, Allan-Wojtas P, MacKinnon S, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2009) Lipophilic components of the brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, enhance freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 230:135–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Riaz T, Khan SN, Javaid A (2008) Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum—the cause of corm-rot disease of Gladiolus. Mycopathologia 6:13–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Rioux LE, Turgeon SL, Beaulieu M (2007) Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds. Carbohydr Polym 69:530–537

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rioux LE, Turgeon SL, Beaulieu M (2009) Effect of season on the composition of bioactive polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris. Phytochemistry 70:1069–1075

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts T, Upham P (2012) Prospects for the use of macro-algae for fuel in Ireland and the UK: an overview of marine management issues. Mar Policy 36:1047–1053

    Google Scholar 

  • Roesijadi G, Jones SB, Snowden-Swan LJ, Zhu Y (2010) Macroalgae as a biomass feedstock: a preliminary analysis (PNNL-19944), Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830, Pacific Northwest

  • Rosell KG, Srivastava LM (1987) Fatty acids as antimicrobial substances in brown-algae. Hydrobiologia 151:471–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross R, Holden D (2010) Commercial extracts of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum enhance growth and yield of strawberries. Hortscience 45:S141

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruperez P (2002) Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food Chem 79:23–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruperez P, Ahrazem O, Leal JA (2002) Potential antioxidant capacity of sulphated polysaccharides from the edible brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. J Agr Food Chem 50:840–845

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell PE (2005) A century of fungicide evolution. J Agr Sci 143:11–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russo R, Poincelot RP, Berlyn GP (1994) The use of a commercial organic biostimulant for improved production of marigold cultivars. J Home Con Hort 1:83–93

    Google Scholar 

  • SA (2013) Soil association. http://www.soilassociation.org/farmersgrowers/technicalinformation/fertilisers website accessed, Mar 2013

  • Sabra W, Deckwer W-D (2005) Chapter 21 Alginate—a polysaccharide of industrial interest and diverse biological functions. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides structural diversity and functional versatility, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 515–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Saebø A, Mortensen LM (1996) Growth, morphology and yield of wheat, barley and oats grown at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in a cool, maritime climate. Agr Ecosys Environ 57:9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1992) Plant physiology. Wadsworth, Belmont

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Machado DI, Lopez-Hernandez J, Paseiro-Losada P (2002) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of α-tocopherol in macroalgae. J Chromatogr A 976:277–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Machado DI, Lopez-Cervantes J, Lopez-Hernandez J, Paseiro-Losada P (2004) Fatty acids, total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chem 85:439–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson KJ, Jameson PE (1986) The cytokinins in a liquid seaweed extract: could they be the active ingredients? Acta Hort 179:113–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson KJ, Jameson PE, Zabkiewicz JA (1987) Auxin in a seaweed extract: identification and quantitation of indole-3-acetic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Plant Physiol 129:363–367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangeetha V, Thevanathan R (2010) Effect of foliar application of seaweed based panchagavya on the antioxidant enzymes in crop plants. J Am Sci 6:185–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangha JS, Ravichandran S, Prithiviraj K, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2010) Sulfated macroalgal polysaccharides lambda-carrageenan and iota-carrageenan differentially alter Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Physiol Mol Plant P 75:38–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangha JS, Khan W, Ji XH, Zhang JZ, Mills AAS, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2011) Carrageenans, sulphated polysaccharides of red seaweeds, differentially affect Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper). PLoS One 6:e26834

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santoyo S, Plaza M, Jaime L, Ibañez E, Reglero G, Señorans J (2011) Pressurized liquids as an alternative green process to extract antiviral agents from the edible seaweed Himanthalia elongata. J Appl Phycol 23:909–917

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney R, Webster JM (1975) The role of plant growth hormones in determining the resistance of tomato plants to the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica 21:95–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt RE, Chalmers DC (1993) Late summer to early fall application of fertilizer and biostimulants on bermudagrass. In: Carrow RN, Christians NE, Shearman RC (eds) Int Turfgrass Soc Res J 7: 715–721

  • Schmidt RE, Zhang X (2001) Alleviation of photochemical activity decline of turfgrasses exposed to soil moisture stress or UV-B radiation. In: Cary K (ed) Inter Turfgrass Soc Res J 9:340-346

  • Schons RF, de Freitas MB, Stadnik MJ (2011) Persistence of ulvan-induced resistance and effect of inoculums concentration in the control of bean anthracnose. Biosci J 27:544–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder JI, Kwak JM, Allen GJ (2001) Guard cell abscisic acid signalling and engineering drought hardiness in plants. Nature 410:327–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semenov MA, Shewry PR (2011) Modelling predicts that heat stress, not drought, will increase vulnerability of wheat in Europe. Sci Rep UK 1:66. doi:10.1038/srep00066

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah MT, Zodape ST, Chaudhary DR, Eswaran K, Chikara J (2013) Seaweed sap as an alternative to liquid fertilizer for yield and quality improvement of wheat. J Plant Nutr 36:192–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HSS, Lyons G, McRoberts C, McCall D, Carmichael E, Andrews F, Swan R (2012a) Biostimulant activity of brown seaweed species from Strangford Lough: compositional analyses of polysaccharides and bioassay of extracts using mung bean (Vigno mungo L.) and pak choi (Brassica rapa chinensis L.). J Appl Phycol 24:1081–1091

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SHS, Lyons G, McRoberts C, McCall D, Carmichael E, Andrews F, McCormack R (2012b) Brown seaweed species from Strangford Lough: compositional analyses of seaweed species and biostimulant formulations by rapid instrumental methods. J Appl Phycol 24:1141–1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivasankari S, Venkatesalu V, Anantharaj M, Chandrasekaran M (2006) Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and biochemical constituents of Vigna sinensis. Bioresour Technol 97:1745–1751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivritepe N, Sivritepe HO (2008) Organic priming with seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) affects viability of pepper seeds. Asian J Chem 20:5689–5694

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smillie RM, Hetherington SE (1983) Stress tolerance and stress-induced injury in crop plants measured by chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo—chilling, freezing, ice cover, heat, and high light. Plant Physiol 72:1043–1050

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff N (1998) Plant resistance to environmental stress. Curr Opin Biotech 9:214–219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow MD, Tingey DT (1985) Evaluation of a system for the imposition of plant water stress. Plant Physiol 77:602–607

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli F, Fiori G, Noferini M, Sprocatti M, Costa G (2009) Perspectives on the use of a seaweed extract to moderate the negative effects of alternate bearing in apple trees. J Hort Sc Biotech 84:131–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli F, Fiori G, Noferini M, Sprocatti M, Costa G (2010) A novel type of seaweed extract as a natural alternative to the use of iron chelates in strawberry production. Sci Hortic 125:263–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steimetz E, Trouvelot S, Gindro K, Bordier A, Poinssot B, Adrian M, Daire X (2012) Influence of leaf age on induced resistance in grapevine against Plasmopara viticola. Physiol Mol Plant Path 79:89–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stengel DB, Connan S, Popper ZA (2011) Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application. Biotechnol Adv 29:483–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson WA (1974) Seaweed in agriculture and horticulture, 3rd edn. Barglya & Gylver Rateaver, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Steveni CM, Norrington-Davies J, Hankins SD (1992) Effect of seaweed concentrate on hydroponically grown spring barley. J Appl Phycol 4:173–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson F (1994) Humus chemistry, genesis composition, reactions, 2nd edn. Wiley, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Stirk WA, van Staden J (1996) Comparison of cytokinin- and auxin-like activity in some commercially used seaweed extracts. J Appl Phycol 8:503–508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirk WA, van Staden J (1997) Isolation and identification of cytokinins in a new commercial seaweed product made from Fucus serratus L. J Appl Phycol 9:327–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirk WA, Arthur GD, Lourens AF, Novak O, Strnad M, van Staden J (2004) Changes in cytokinin and auxin concentrations in seaweed concentrates when stored at an elevated temperature. J Appl Phycol 16:31–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirk WA, Bálint P, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Strnad M, Ördög V, van Staden J (2013a) Hormone profiles in microalgae: gibberellins and brassinosteroids. Plant Physiol Biochem 70:348–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirk WA, Tarkowská D, Turečová V, Strnad M, van Staden J (2013b) Abscisic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids in Kelpak®, a commercial seaweed extract made from Ecklonia maxima. J Appl Phycol. doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0062-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoop JMH, Williamson JD, Pharr DM (1996) Mannitol metabolism in plants: a method for coping with stress. Trends Plant Sci 1:139–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian S, Snagha JS, Gray BA, Singh RP, Hiltz D, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2011) Extracts of the marine brown macroalga, Ascophyllum nodosum, induce jasmonic acid dependent systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Eur J Plant Pathol 131:237–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultana V, Ehteshamul-Haque S, Ara J, Athar M (2009) Effect of brown seaweeds and pesticides on root rotting fungi and root knot nematode infecting tomato roots. J Appl Bot Food Qual 83:50–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun H, Schmidt RE, Eisenback JD (1997) The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of nematode-infected bent grown under low soil moisture. In: Martin PM, Bauman AE (eds) Inter Turfgrass Soc Res J 8:1336–1342

  • Sweeney J, Donnelly A, McElwain L, Jones M (2002) Climate change indicators for Ireland. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarakhovskaya ER, Maslov YI, Shishova MF (2007) Phytohormones in algae. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:163–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tay SAB, Macleod JK, Palni LMS, Letham DS (1985) Detection of cytokinins in a seaweed extract. Phytochemistry 24:2611–2614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple WD, Bomke AA, Radley RA, Holl FB (1989) Effects of kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia and Ecklonia maxima)—foliar applications on bean crop growth and nitrogen nutrition under varying soil moisture regimes. Plant Soil 117:75–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tressler DK, Lemon JMW (1951) The brown algae—algin from kelps and fucoids. In: Tressler DK, Lemon JMW (eds) Marine products of commerce, 2nd edn. Reinhold, New York, pp 94–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Troell M, Robertson-Andersson D, Anderson RJ, Bolton JJ, Maneveldt G, Halling C, Probyn T (2006) Abalone farming in South Africa: an overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic importance. Aquaculture 257:266–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Turan M, Kose C (2004) Seaweed extracts improve copper uptake of grapevine. Acta Agr Scan B 54:213–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugarte R, Sharp G (2012) Management and production of the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum in the Canadian maritimes. J Appl Phycol 24:409–416

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCAP (2000) Sustainable agriculture and food security in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Uppal AK, El Hadrami A, Adam LR, Tenuta M, Daayf F (2008) Biological control of potato Verticillium wilt under controlled and field conditions using selected bacterial antagonists and plant extracts. Biol Control 44:90–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbanová T, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Hedden P, Strnad M (2013) Analysis of gibberellins as free acids by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 112:85–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (1998) Induction and expression of PGPR mediated induced resistance against pathogens. Biological control of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. IOBC Bull 21:103–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera J, Castro J, Gonzalez A, Moenne A (2011) Seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants. Mar Drugs 9:2514–2525

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vera J, Castro J, Contreras RA, González A, Moenne A (2012) Oligo-carrageenans induce a long-term and broad-range protection against pathogens in tobacco plants (var. Xanthi). Physiol Mol Plant Path 79:31–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wally OSD, Critchley AT, Hiltz D, Craigie JS, Han X, Zaharia LI, Abrams SR, Prithiviraj B (2012) Regulation of phytohormone biosynthesis and accumulation in Arabidopsis following treatment with commercial extract from the marine macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum. J Plant Growth Regul. doi:10.1007/s00344-012-9301-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh M, Watson L (2007) A market analysis towards the further development of seaweed aquaculture in Ireland. Irish Sea Fisheries Board, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters D, Lyon GD, Newton A (2006) Induced resistance for plant defence: a sustainable approach to crop protection. Blackwell Science, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Frei M (2011) Stressed food—the impact of abiotic environmental stresses on crop quality. Agr Ecosyst Environ 141:271–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington WS, Engleitner S, Boontjes G, Shanmuganathan N (1999) Effect of fungicides, seaweed extracts, tea tree oil, and fungal agents on fruit rot and yield in strawberry. Aust J Exp Agr 39:487–494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson L, Dring M (2011) Business plan for the establishment of a seaweed hatchery and grow-out farm. Part 2. Irish Sea Fisheries Board, Dublin

  • Welke SE (2005) The effect of compost extract on the yield of strawberries and severity of Botrytis cinerea. J Sustain Agr 25:57–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner A, Kraan S (2004) Review of the potential mechanisation of kelp harvesting in Ireland. Marine Institute, Galway

    Google Scholar 

  • Whapam CA, Jenkins T, Blunden G, Hankins SD (1994) The role of seaweed extracts, Ascophyllum nodosum, in the reduction in fecundity of Meloidogyne javanica. Fund Appl Nematol 17:181–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Whapham CA, Blunden G, Jenkins T, Hankins SD (1993) Significance of betaines in the increased chlorophyll content of plants treated with seaweed extract. J Appl Phycol 5:231–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whistler RL, BeMiller JN (1993) Industrial gums polysaccharides and their derivatives, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Winberg P, Gosh D, Tapsell L (2009) Seaweed culture in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: nutritional benefits and systems in Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australian Government

  • Wolski E-A, Maldonado S, Daleo GR, Andreu AB (2006) A novel α-1,3-glucan elicits plant defense responses in potato and induces protection against Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 and Fusarium solani f. sp eumartii. Physiol Mol Plant Path 69:93–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Jenkins T, Blunden G, von Mende N, Hankins SD (1998) Suppression of fecundity of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in monoxenic cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana treated with an alkaline extract of Ascophyllum nodosum. J Appl Phycol 10:91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Yen HE (2002) Early salt stress effects on the changes in chemical composition in leaves of ice plant and Arabidopsis. A fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Plant Physiol 130:1032–1042

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X (1997) Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrass growth, antioxidant status, and drought tolerance. PhD thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

  • Zhang XZ, Ervin EH (2004) Cytokinin-containing seaweed and humic acid extracts associated with creeping bentgrass leaf cytokinins and drought resistance. Crop Sci 44:1737–1745

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Ervin EH (2008) Impact of seaweed extract-based cytokinins and zeatin riboside on creeping bentgrass heat tolerance. Crop Sci 48:364–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Schmidt RE (1999) Antioxidant response to hormone-containing product in Kentucky bluegrass subjected to drought. Crop Sci 39:545–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Schmidt RE (2000a) Hormone-containing products’ impact on antioxidant status of tall fescue and creeping bentgrass subjected to drought. Crop Sci 40:1344–1349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Schmidt RE (2000b) Application of trinexapac-ethyl and propiconazole enhances superoxide dismutase and photochemical activity in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloniferous var. palustris). J Am Soc Hortic Sci 125:47–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Yamane H, Chapman DJ (1993) The phytohormone profile of the red alga Porphyra perforata. Bot Mar 36:257–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Schmidt RE, Hipkins PL (2001) The influence of selected PGRs on post-emergence herbicide efficacy. In: Cary K (ed) Inter Turfgrass Soc Res J 9:1056-1061

  • Zhang XZ, Schmidt RE, Ervin EH, Doak S (2002) Creeping bentgrass physiological responses to natural plant growth regulators and iron under two regimes. Hortscience 37:898–902

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Ervin EH, Schmidt RE (2003) Physiological effects of liquid applications of a seaweed extract and a humic acid on creeping bent grass. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128:492–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XZ, Wang KH, Ervin EH (2010) Optimizing dosages of seaweed extract based cytokinins and zeatin riboside for improving creeping bentgrass heat tolerance. Crop Sci 50:316–320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zodape ST, Kawarkhe VJ, Patolia JS, Warade AD (2008) Effect of liquid seaweed fertilizer on yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). J Sci Ind Res India 67:1115–1117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zodape ST, Mukherjee S, Reddy MP, Chaudhary DR (2009) Effect of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex silva. extract on grain quality, yield and some yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Plant Prod 3:97–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zodape ST, Mukhopadhyay S, Eswaran K, Reddy MP, Chikara J (2010) Enhanced yield and nutritional quality in green gram (Phaseolus radiata L) treated with seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) extract. J Sci Ind Res India 69:468–471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zodape ST, Gupta A, Bhandari SC, Rawat US, Cahudhary DR, Eswara K, Chikara J (2011) Foliar application of seaweed sap as biostimulant for enhancement of yield and yield quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). J Sci Ind Res India 70:215–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvyagintseva TN, Shevchenko NM, Nazarenko EL, Gorbach VIJ, Urvantseva AM, Kiseleva MI, Isakov VV (2005) Water-soluble polysaccharides of some brown algae of the Russian Far-East. Structure and biological action of low-molecular mass polyuronans. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 320:123–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This review has received funding from Fusion (InterTrade Ireland, Newry and BioAtlantis Ltd, Tralee, Ireland) and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 312117 (BIOFECTOR).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Health and Environmental Protection Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK

    H. S. Shekhar Sharma, Colin Fleming, Chris Selby, J. R. Rao & Trevor Martin

Authors
  1. H. S. Shekhar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Colin Fleming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chris Selby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. R. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Trevor Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. S. Shekhar Sharma.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sharma, H.S.S., Fleming, C., Selby, C. et al. Plant biostimulants: a review on the processing of macroalgae and use of extracts for crop management to reduce abiotic and biotic stresses. J Appl Phycol 26, 465–490 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0101-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0101-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation