Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Compassionate Parenting as a Key to Satisfaction, Efficacy and Meaning Among Mothers of Children with Autism

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two studies examine the role of compassionate and self-image parenting goals in the experience of mothers of children with autism. In Study 1, a comparison sample was included. Study 1 included measures of parenting goals, life satisfaction, family life satisfaction, parenting satisfaction, and meaning in life. Study 2 incorporated a measure of parenting efficacy. Study 1 showed that mothers of children with autism were higher than comparison mothers in compassionate parenting goals. In both studies, compassionate parenting predicted positive outcomes including higher parenting satisfaction (both studies), family life satisfaction, meaning in life (Study 1) and higher parenting efficacy (Study 2). These studies support the notion that compassionate parenting is a key to satisfaction for mothers of children with autism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. This questionnaire also asked parents to think back and respond to these items according to how they felt when they had only 1 child, in order to examine how the variables of interest may have changed with the introduction of a child with autism for families who had their child with autism second (n = 35). Because of the small number of such families, these changes are not included in the analyses reported here.

References

  • Abidin, R., Flens, J. R., & Austin, W. G. (2006). The Parenting Stress Index. In R. P. Archer (Ed.), Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments (pp. 297–328). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 58–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind, D. (2013). Authoritative parenting revisited: History and current status. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 11–34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Beer, M., Ward, L., & Moar, K. (2013). The relationship between mindful parenting and distress in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 4(2), 102–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. W. (2012). Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1476–1487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodey, D. (2007). The elephant in the playroom: Ordinary parents write intimately and honestly about the extraordinary highs and heartbreaking lows of raising kids with special needs. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canevello, A., & Crocker, J. (2011a). Changing relationship growth belief: Intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of compassionate goals. Personal Relationships, 18(3), 370–391.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canevello, A., & Crocker, J. (2011b). Interpersonal goals and close relationship processes: Potential links to health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 346–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canevello, A., & Crocker, J. (2011c). Interpersonal goals, others’ regard for the self, and self-esteem: The paradoxical consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 422–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canevello, A., Granillo, M. T., & Crocker, J. (2013). Predicting change in relationship insecurity: The roles of compassionate and self-image goals. Personal Relationships, 20(4), 587–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, J. H., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Davis, C. R. (2009). The relation between emotional availability and parenting style: Cultural and Economic factors in a diverse sample of young mothers. Parenting Science and Practice, 9, 277–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (1980). Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 82–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I. L., & Tsiouris, J. A. (2006). Maternal recurrent mood disorders and high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1077–1088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coplan, R. J., Hastings, P. D., Lagacé-Séguin, D. G., & Moulton, C. E. (2002). Authoritative and authoritarian mothers’ parenting goals, attributions, and emotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J. (2008). From egosystem to ecosystem: Implications for learning, relationships, and well-being. In H. Wayment & J. Brauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 63–72). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 555–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2011). Egosystem and ecosystem: Motivational perspectives on caregiving. In S. E. Brown, M. Brown, & L. Penner (Eds.), Self-interest and beyond: Toward a new understanding of human caregiving (pp. 211–223). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2012). Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 45, pp. 229–277). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., Canevello, A., Breines, J. G., & Flynn, H. (2010). Interpersonal goals and change in anxiety and dysphoria in first-semester college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 1009–1024.

  • DeLong, R. (2004). Autism and familial major mood disorder: Are they related? The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 16(2), 199–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanely, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2009). The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 601–619.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas, J. E. (2005). Mindfulness-based parent training: Strategies to lessen the grip of automaticity in families with disruptive children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(4), 779–791.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(3), 255–270.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faso, D. J., Neal-Beevers, A., & Carlson, C. L. (2013). Vicarious futurity, hope, and well-being in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 288–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finzi-Dottan, R., Triwitz, Y. S., & Golubchik, P. (2011). Predictors of stress-related growth in parents of children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 510–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, C. F., Duncan, G., Rutsohn, J., McDade, T. W., Adam, E. K., Coley, R. L., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2014). A longitudinal study of paternal mental health during transition to fatherhood as young adults. Pediatrics, 133, 836–843.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Baker, J. K., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (2012). Marital satisfaction and life circumstances of grown children with autism across 7 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(5), 688–697.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, P. D., & Grusec, J. E. (1998). Parenting goals as organizers of responses to parent–child disagreement. Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 465–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C., Yen, H., Tseng, M., Tung, L., Chen, Y., & Chen, K. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1383–1390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N., Frenn, M., Feetham, S., & Simpson, P. (2011). Autism spectrum disorder: Parenting stress, family functioning and health-related quality of life. Families, Systems, and Health, 29(3), 232–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 167–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2007). Whatever happened to ‘what might have been’? regrets, happiness, and maturity. American Psychologist, 62(7), 625–636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., & Patterson, C. (2000). Reconstructing life goals after the birth of a child with Down Syndrome: Finding happiness and growing. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 5(1), 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down Syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 509–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2013). Disorders of childhood and adolescence. In G. Stricker, T. A. Widiger, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Clinical Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 19–72). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, N. A., & Atzil, M. (1988). Parenting stress in raising autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(3), 415–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, I. W., Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Keitner, G. I. (1985). The McMaster family assessment device: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11(4), 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moh, T. A., & Magiati, I. (2012). Factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 293–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima, S., Okada, R., Matsuoka, M., Iori, T., Masafumi, O., & Masatsugu, T. (2012). Parenting styles of parents of children with developmental disabilities. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 264–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., English, T., Dunn, E. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). In defense of parenthood: Children are associated with more joy than misery. Psychological Science, 24(1), 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846–895.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niiya, Y., Crocker, J., & Mischkowski, D. (2013). Compassionate and self-image goals in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(3), 389–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, J. F., & Bazemore, S. D. (2010). Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(19), 1961–1969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, W. R., McCollum, E. E., Bugaighis, M. A., Jurich, A. P., & Bollman, S. R. (1986). Characteristics of the Kansas family life satisfaction scale in a regional sample. Psychological Reports, 58, 975–980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, L. M. T., & Schalock, M. (2012). Autism Parenting Stress Index: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 566–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, A. (2012). Far from the tree: Parents, children and the search for identity. New York, NY: Scribner/Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunali, B., & Power, T. G. (2002). Coping by redefinition: Cognitive appraisals in mothers of children with autism and children without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(1), 25–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayment, H. A. (2004). It could have been me: Vicarious victims and disaster-focused distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(4), 515–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayment, H. A. (2006). Attachment style, empathy, and helping following a collective loss: Evidence from the September 11 terrorist attacks. Attachment & Human Development, 8(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayment, H. A., & O’Mara, E. M. (2008). The collective and compassionate consequences of downward social comparisons. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 159–169). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weyand, C., O’Laughlin, L., & Bennett, P. (2013). Dimensions of religiousness that influence parenting. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 182–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I am grateful for the assistance of my students Mai Duong, Caitlyn Lucas, Elizabeth Paulino, Shaterra Redd and Kristen Stonehill, as well as Connie Anderson and Alison R. Marvin of the IAN Project who facilitated the data collection for the studies reported here and to Eugene Fodor, Anne Fontana, William J. Porta, Ellen Kuhl Repetto and Rebecca Shiner Jennifer Tomlinson and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from Colgate University’s Research Council.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Regina Conti.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Conti, R. Compassionate Parenting as a Key to Satisfaction, Efficacy and Meaning Among Mothers of Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 45, 2008–2018 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2360-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2360-6

Keywords

Navigation