Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the bisphenol A (BPA) degradation performance of an electrokinetic process coupled with Pd/Ti (PT) and RuO2/Ti (RT) binary metallic oxidation electrodes under a potential gradient of 2 Vcm−1 for 5 days. Fifteen experiments conducted with five processing fluids, namely deionized water (DW), Na2SO4, citric acid (CA), NaOH and NaCl, and two binary metallic oxidation electrodes, Pd/Ti and RT, were investigated in this study. Electroosmosis permeability of 3.2 × 10−6–4.7 × 10−6, 4.0 × 10−6–4.9 × 10−6, and 3.7 × 10−6–6.8 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1 were observed in the electrokinetic system with Ti, PT, and RT electrodes, respectively. A significant detachment of the coated metals was observed in BMOEEK–PT system with Na2SO4, CA, and NaOH processing fluids. A higher BPA treatment efficiency of 52.2–67.3 % was found in the BMOEEK–RT system, which was 1.4–1.8 times greater than in the EK–Ti system with DW as the processing fluid. The best treatment efficiency was found in the system with NaCl as the processing fluid, which may mostly result from less detachment of the coated metal from electrode and increased hypochlorite (OCl−) generation in the anode reservoir. The primary treatment mechanism in the BMOEEK system with NaCl procession fluid was degradation by anodic oxidation. It was concluded that both the binary metallic electrode and processing fluid played key roles in enhancing the electrochemical degradation of BPA. The electrode characteristics (progressive cyclic voltammogram and SEM micrograph with EDAX), electrokinetic behavior (specimen pH and current density), and treatment mechanism were also discussed in this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M et al (2007) Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod Toxicol 24:139–177
Ikezuki Y, Tsutsumi O, Takai Y et al (2002) Determination of bisphenol A concentrations in human biological fluids reveals significant early prenatal exposure. Hum Reprod 17:2839–2841
Schonfelder G, Wittfoht W, Hopp H et al (2002) Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ Health Perspect 10:703–707
Sugiura-Ogasawaral M (2006) Limitations of a case-control study on bisphenol A (BPA) serum levels and recurrent miscarriage—reply. Hum Reprod 21:566–567
Tsai W, Lee MK, Su TY et al (2009) Photodegradation of bisphenol-A in a batch TiO2 suspension reactor. J Hazard Mater 168:269–275
Battisti AD, Ferro S (2007) Electrokinetic remediation methods of remediation of soils and ground waters. Electrochim Acta 52:3345–3348
Tanaka S, Nakata Y, Kimura T (2002) Electrochemical decomposition of bisphenol A using Pt/Ti and SnO2/Ti anodes. J Appl Electrochem 32:197–201
Toyama T, Sato Y, Inoue D (2009) Biodegradation of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in the rhizosphere sediment of Phragmites australis. J Biosci Bioeng 108:147–151
Kim J, Korshin GV, Velichenko AB (2005) Comparative study of electrochemical degradation and ozonation of nonylphenol. Water Res 39:2527–2534
Zhang H (2002) Regeneration of exhausted activated carbon by electrochemical method. Chem Eng J 85:81–85
Yang CH, Lee CC, Wen TC (2000) Hypochlorite generation on Ru–Pt binary oxide for treatment of dye wastewater. J Appl Electrochem 30:1043–1051
Zhang H, Zuehlke S, Guenther K (2007) Enantio-selective separation and determination of single nonylphenol isomers. Chemosphere 66:594–602
Awad HS, Galwa NA (2005) Electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and Basic Brown dyes on Pb/PbO2 electrode in the presence of different conductive electrolyte and effect of various operating factors. Chemosphere 61:1327–1335
Tran LH, Drogui P, Mercier G (2009) Electrochemical degradation of polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons in creosote solution using ruthenium oxide on titanium expanded mesh anode. J Hazard Mater 164:1118–1129
Kuramitz H, Matsushita M, Tanaka S (2004) Electrochemical removal of bisphenol A based on the anodic polymerization using a column type carbon fiber electrode. Water Res 38:2331–2338
Yuan C, Dai YD, Hung CH (2012) Regeneration performance of carbon nanotube by binary metallic oxide electrodes electrokinetic (BMOEEK). Electrochim Acta 86:203–212
Yuan C, Dai YD, Hung CH (2011) Regeneration of spent carbon nanotube by electrokinetic process with binary metallic oxide electrodes of MnO2/Ti, RuO2/Ti, and PbO2/Ti. Sep Purif Technol 27:238–245
Yang B, Yu G, Shuai D (2007) Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl in aqueous solution using palladized nickel foam cathode. Chemosphere 67:1361–1367
Wang S, Yang B, Zhang T et al (2010) Catalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol in an aqueous solution with Pd/Ni catalyst and formica acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:4561–4565
Zhu K, Ali Baig S, Xu J et al (2012) Electrochemical reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using a palladium/nickel foam electrode. Electrochim Acta 69:389–396
Acar YB, Alshawabkeh AN (1993) Principles of electrokinetic remediation. Environ Sci Technol 27:2638–2647
Zhou DM, Deng CF, Cang L (2004) Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu contaminated red soil by conditioning catholyte pH with different enhancing chemical reagents. Chemosphere 56:265–273
Reddy KR, Danda S, Saichek RE (2004) Complicating factors of using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to enhance electrokinetic remediation of multiple heavy metals in clayey soils. J Environ Eng-ASCE 130:1357–1366
Yuan C, Hung CH, Huang WL (2009) Enhancement with carbon nanotube barrier on 1,2 dichlorobenzene removal from soil by surfactant-assisted electrokinetic (SAEK) process—the effect of processing fluid. Sep Sci Techol 44:2284–2303
Markey CM, Michaelson CL, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (2001) Alkylphenols and Bisphenol A as environmental estrogens. In: Metzler M (ed) The handbook of environmental chemistry. Part L. Endocrine disruptors part I. Springe, Berlin, pp 131–153
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page LA, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Methods of soil analysis part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 539–545
Sun Z, Ge H, Hu X et al (2009) Electrocatalytic dechlorination of chloroform in aqueous solution on palladium/titanium electrode. Chem Eng Technol 32:134–139
Kuramitz H, Nakata Y, Kawasaki M et al (2001) Electrochemical oxidation of bisphenol A. Application to the removal of bisphenol A using a carbon fiber electrode. Chemosphere 45:37–43
Tadros TF, Lyklema J (1968) Adsorption of potential-determining ions at the silica-aqueous electrolyte interface and the role of some cations. J Electroanal Chem 17:267–276
Hung C, Yuan C, Chen KC (2010) Effect of processing fluid and initial concentration on electrokinetic removal of environmental hormone—nonylphenol (NP) form soil matrix. J Appl Electrochem 40:1123–1130
Yuan C (2006) The effect of Fe(0) on electrokinetic remediation of clay contaminated with perchloroethylene. Water Sci Technol 53:91–98
Gent DB, Bricka RM, Alshawabkeh AN et al (2004) Bench- and field-scale evaluation of chromium and cadmium extraction by electrokinetic. J Hazard Mater 110:53–62
Virkutyte J, Sillanpaa M, Latostenmaa P (2002) Electrokinetic soil remediation—critical review. Sci Total Environ 289:97–121
Comninellis C (1994) Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment. Electrochim Acta 39:1857–1862
Feng YJ, Li XY (2003) Electro-catalytic oxidation of phenol on several metal–oxide electrodes in aqueous solution. Water Res 37:2399–2407
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the National Science Council of Taiwan, Grant # NSC 99-2211-E-390-008-MY3. The authors are grateful to the reviewers for their valuable comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuan, C., Chen, CY. & Hung, CH. Electrochemical remediation of BPA in a soil matrix by Pd/Ti and RuO2/Ti electrodes. J Appl Electrochem 43, 1163–1174 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0600-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0600-z