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A Review of Experimental, Natural, and Anthropogenic Hybridization in Callithrix Marmosets

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Abstract

Natural and anthropogenic hybridization both occur in primates, but the effects of these distinct processes on primate evolution and population dynamics can be difficult to disentangle from one another. With most primate species being endangered, conservation prioritizes natural over anthropogenic hybrids. However, anthropogenic hybridization can generate genetic diversity and novelty, and fully understanding hybridization is important for primate conservation and evolutionary biology. The neotropical genus Callithrix, an emerging hybridization model, provides a good opportunity to study natural and anthropogenic hybridization separately, and here I review Callithrix hybridization work from the 1970s to the 2010s. Natural hybridization in these species occurs under secondary contact at their distribution borders. In contrast, C. jacchus and C. penicillata, species native to northern, northeastern, and central-eastern Brazil, have been widely introduced in southeastern Brazil. Such introductions have resulted in artificial sympatry and hybridization between exotic C. jacchus and C. penicillata with themselves or with native Callithrix species. Hybridization between native C. aurita and exotic Callithrix results in mixed pure species and hybrid groups, whereas hybridization between pairings of C. jacchus, C. penicillata, and C. geoffroyi results in populations of advanced hybrids. These findings indicate differences in reproductive isolation, and as such, distinct genomic and evolutionary consequences of these hybridization events. Genomic and genetic work is still rare for wild Callithrix populations, and most hybridization studies have been qualitative or descriptive. I point future priorities for Callithrix hybridization research toward hybrid fitness, reproduction, and health as well as investigation of genetic introgression among hybrids and nonhybrids.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement and postdoctoral CNPq Bolsa Jovens Talentos grants. I thank three anonymous reviewers and Liliana Cortés-Ortiz for many helpful comments on previous versions of this work. I also thank Daniel Ferraz, Luiz P. Machado, Patricia Nicola, Carlos Ruiz-Miranda, Sérgio Lucena Mendes, Anne Stone, Jorge A. Dergam, Adriana Grativol, Rodrigo S. Carvalho, Douglas Rocha, Daniel L. Silva, Claudia Igayara and the Guarulhos Zoo, Fernanda Silva, Maria Adelia Borestelmann de Oliveira, Vanner Boere, Ita de Oliveira e Silva, Alcides Pissinatti and CPRJ, Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo, and Marcio Port Carvoigt for field assistance, resource access, and much intellectual input that made this work possible. This review is dedicated to the scientific contributions of Adelmar Faria Coimbra-Filho to neotropical primatology.

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  1. Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Joanna Malukiewicz

  2. Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil

    Joanna Malukiewicz

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Handling Editors: Liliana Cortés-Ortiz and Dietmar Zinner

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Malukiewicz, J. A Review of Experimental, Natural, and Anthropogenic Hybridization in Callithrix Marmosets. Int J Primatol 40, 72–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0068-0

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