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Cryptic diversity and speciation in endemic Cytherissa (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Lake Baikal

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Abstract

Lake Baikal (Siberia) is the most ancient and deepest of all ancient lakes on Earth. It holds a (mostly endemic) diversity of thousands of animal species, including a speciose radiation of ostracods of the genus Cytherissa. Applying molecular tools to this crustacean group reveals that several morphological species are actually species clusters. Based on combined 16S and 28S DNA sequence data from thirteen classic Cytherissa species and one subspecies sensu Mazepova (1990), we recognize 26 different genetic Cytherissa species, 18 with morphological variation and eight truly cryptic species. These results suggest that the actual specific diversity of Cytherissa in Lake Baikal might easily be double of what is presently known. Baikalian endemic species most likely live in the cradle in which they originated and this opens perspectives to infer modes of speciation. Our current distribution data of Cytherissa species provide first indications for both geographic (lakes basins and shores) and ecological (sediment type, water depth) separation. Our present data thus provide the first steps towards future, rigorous testing of focussed hypotheses on the causality of speciation through either allopatric isolation or parapatric ecological clines.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Intra European Marie Curie Fellowship CRYSTAL (Cryptic ostracod species in an Ancient Lake: the Cytherissa flock from Baikal, contract: PIEF-GA-2009-253767) and a SYNTHESYS grant to VP. DS acknowledges the RBFBR grant 15-04-03848 for funding. We also acknowledge the ESF EUROCHORES programme Eurodiversity for funding the MOLARCH project (05_EDIV_FP237-MOLARCH), of which Erik Verheyen (Brussels, Belgium) was the coordinator. We thank Julian Cillis (Brussels, Belgium) for technical assistance with SEM images and Janet Higuchi (Maringa, Brazil) for assembling the figure with the SEM pictures. Zohra Elouaazizi is gratefully acknowledged for assistance with DNA sequencing. We also acknowledge our Russian colleagues, foremost M. Grachev and O. Timoshkin, for their support during sampling and the visits of KM and VP to Irkutsk. We also wish to thank the members of the molecular lab and of the Freshwater Biology team in Brussels for their help and assistance, especially Tasnim Patel and Marie Cours. We also thank two referees for their useful comments.

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  1. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Freshwater Biology, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Isa Schön & Koen Martens

  2. University of Hasselt, Research Group Zoology, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium

    Isa Schön

  3. Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy

    Valentina Pieri

  4. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Limnological Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya 3, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia

    Dimtry Yu Sherbakov

  5. Department of Biology, University of Ghent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Koen Martens

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Isa Schön and Valentina Pieri share the position as first authors.

Guest editors: Koen Martens, Sidinei M. Thomaz, Diego Fontaneto & Luigi Naselli-Flores / Emerging Trends in Aquatic Ecology II.

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Schön, I., Pieri, V., Sherbakov, D.Y. et al. Cryptic diversity and speciation in endemic Cytherissa (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Lake Baikal. Hydrobiologia 800, 61–79 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3259-3

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