Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of land use changes on streams and rivers in mediterranean climates

  • MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE STREAMS
  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We reviewed the literature on the effects of land use changes on mediterranean river ecosystems (med-rivers) to provide a foundation and directions for future research on catchment management during times of rapid human population growth and climate change. Seasonal human demand for water in mediterranean climate regions (med-regions) is high, leading to intense competition for water with riverine communities often containing many endemic species. The responses of river communities to human alterations of land use, vegetation, hydrological, and hydrochemical conditions are similar in mediterranean and other climatic regions. High variation in hydrological regimes in med-regions, however, tends to exacerbate the magnitude of these responses. For example, land use changes promote longer dry season flows, concentrating contaminants, allowing the accumulation of detritus, algae, and plants, and fostering higher temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen levels, all of which may extirpate sensitive native species. Exotic species often thrive in med-rivers altered by human activity, further homogenizing river communities worldwide. We recommend that future research rigorously evaluate the effects of management and restoration practices on river ecosystems, delineate the cause–effect pathways leading from human perturbations to stream biological communities, and incorporate analyses of the effects of scale, land use heterogeneity, and high temporal hydrological variability on stream communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, I., 2003. Aboriginal fire regimes in south-west Western Australia: evidence from historical documents. In Abbott, I. & N. Burrows (eds), Fire in Ecosystems of South-west Western Australia: Impacts and Management. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 119–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abelho, M. & M. A. S. Graça, 1996. Effects of eucalyptus afforestation on leaf litter dynamics and macroinvertebrate community structure of streams in Central Portugal. Hydrobiologia 324: 195–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abou-Hamdan, H., J. Haury, J. P. Hebrard, S. Dandelot & A. Cazaubon, 2005. Macrophytic communities inhabiting the Huveaune (South-East France), a river subject to natural and anthropic disturbances. Hydrobiologia 551: 161–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman, D. & K. Schiff, 2003. Modeling storm water mass emissions to the southern California bight. Journal of Environmental Engineering 129: 308–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Acuña, V., A. Giorgi, I. Muñoz, U. Uehlinger & S. Sabater, 2004. Flow extremes and benthic organic matter shape the metabolism of a headwater Mediterranean stream. Freshwater Biology 49: 960–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acuña, V., I. Muñoz, A. Giorgi, M. Omella, F. Sabater & S. Sabater, 2005. Drought and post-drought recovery cycles in an intermittent Mediterranean stream: structural and functional aspects. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24: 919–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, F. & M. T. Ferreira, 2005. Human-disturbed landscapes: effects on composition and integrity of riparian woody vegetation in the Tagus River basin, Portugal. Environmental Conservation 32: 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, F. C., M. T. Ferreira & P. Pinto, 2002. Relative influence of environmental variables on macroinvertebrate assemblages from an Iberian basin. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21: 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, F. C., M. T. Ferreira, A. Albuquerque & I. Moreira, 2006. Alien and endemic flora at reference and non-reference sites in Mediterranean-type streams in Portugal. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17: 335–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akanil, N. & B. Middleton, 1997. Leaf litter decomposition along the Porsuk River, Eskisehir, Turkey. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 1394–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akbulut, N., S. Bayari, A. Akbulut & Y. Sahin, 2009. Rivers of Turkey. In Tockner, K., C. U. Uhlinger & C. T. Robinson (eds), Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, Amsterdam: 467–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. D., 2004. Landscapes and riverscapes: the influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 35: 257–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. D. & L. B. Johnson, 1997. Catchment-scale analysis of aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 37: 107–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J. D., D. L. Erickson & J. Fay, 1997. The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 37: 149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. & I. Pardo, 2007a. Factors controlling epilithon biomass in a temporary, karstic stream: the interaction between substratum and grazing. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 207–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. & I. Pardo, 2007b. Do temporary streams of Mediterranean islands have a distinct macroinvertebrate community? The case of Majorca. Fundamental and Applied Limnology 168: 55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Cobelas, M., C. Rojo & D. G. Angeler, 2005. Mediterranean limnology: current status, gaps and the future. Journal of Limnology 64: 13–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Cobelas, M., D. G. Angeler & S. Sánchez-Carrillo, 2008. Export of nitrogen from catchments: a worldwide analysis. Environmental Pollution 156: 261–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Cobelas, M., S. Sánchez-Carrillo, D. G. Angeler & R. Sánchez-Andrés, 2009. Phosphorous export from catchments: a global view. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28: 805–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aparicio, E., G. Carmona-Catot, P. B. Moyle & E. García-Berthou, 2011. Development and evaluation of a fish-based index to assess the biological integrity of Mediterranean streams. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21: 324–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnesto, J. J., D. Manuschevich, A. Mora, C. Smith-Ramirez, R. Rozzi, A. M. Abarzua & P. A. Marquet, 2010. From the Holocene to the Anthropocene: a historical framework for land cover change in southwestern South America in the past 15,000 years. Land Use Policy 27: 148–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J., A. Del Pozo, C. Ovalle, J. Avendaño, A. Lavin & M. Etienne, 1998. Land use changes and conflicts in Central Chile. In Rundel, P., G. Montenegro & F. M. Jaksic (eds), Landscape Degradation and Biodiversity in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, Vol. 136. Springer, Berlin: 155–170.

  • Artigas, J., A. M. Romaní & S. Sabater, 2008. Effect of nutrients on the sporulation and diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes on submerged substrata in a Mediterranean stream. Aquatic Botany 88: 32–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artigas, J., A. M. Romaní, A. Gaudes, I. Muñoz & S. Sabater, 2009. Organic matter availability structures microbial biomass and activity in a Mediterranean stream. Freshwater Biology 54: 2025–2036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artigas, J., A. Gaudes, I. Muñoz, A. M. Romaní & S. Sabater, 2011. Fungal and bacterial colonization of submerged leaf litter in a Mediterranean stream. International Review of Hydrobiology 96: 221–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avila, A., A. Rodrigo & F. Rodà, 2002. Nitrogen circulation in a Mediterranean holm oak forest, La Castanya, Montseny, northeastern Spain. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 6: 551–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacha, M. & R. Amara, 2007. Freshwater fish of Algeria. Study of the ichthyofauna of the Soummam River. Cybium 31: 351–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balik, S., 1995. Freshwater fish in Anatolia, Turkey. Biological Conservation 72: 213–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bärlocher, F. & M. A. S. Graça, 2002. Exotic riparian vegetation lowers fungal diversity but not leaf decomposition in Portuguese streams. Freshwater Biology 47: 1123–1135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, S. J., D. L. Morgan, F. J. McAleer, A. Koenders & P. Horwitz, 2006. Fish and crayfish communities of the Blackwood River: migrations, ecology, and influence of surface and groundwater. Report to the Southwest Catchments Council and the Western Australia Department of Water. Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.

  • Beatty, S. J., D. L. Morgan, M. Klunzinger & A. J. Lymbery, 2010. Aquatic Macrofauna of Ellen Brook and the Brockman River: fresh water refuges in a salinised catchment. Report to the Ellen Brockman Integrated Catchment Group. Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.

  • Beatty, S. J., D. L. Morgan, M. Rashnavadi & A. J. Lymbery, 2011. Salinity tolerances of endemic freshwater fishes of south-western Australia: implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. Marine & Freshwater Research 62: 91–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bêche, L. A. & V. H. Resh, 2007. Short-term climatic trends affect the temporal variability of macroinvertebrates in California ‘Mediterranean’ streams. Freshwater Biology 52: 2317–2339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bêche, L. A., E. P. McElravy & V. H. Resh, 2006. Long-term seasonal variation in the biological traits of benthic-macroinvertebrates in two Mediterranean-climate streams in California, USA. Freshwater Biology 51: 56–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bêche, L. A., P. G. Connors, V. H. Resh & A. M. Merenlender, 2009. Resilience of fishes and invertebrates to prolonged drought in two California streams. Ecography 32: 778–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beighley, R. E., T. Dunne & J. M. Melack, 2008. Impacts of climate variability and land use alterations on frequency distributions of terrestrial runoff loading to coastal waters in southern California. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44: 62–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belmar, O., J. Velasco, F. Martínez-Capel & A. A. Marín, 2010. Natural flow regime, degree of alteration and environmental flows in the Mula stream (Segura river basin, SE Spain). Limnetica 29: 353–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benejam, L., E. Aparicio, M. J. Vargas, A. Vila-Gispert & E. García-Berthou, 2008. Assessing fish metrics and biotic indices in a Mediterranean stream: effects of uncertain native status of fish. Hydrobiologia 603: 197–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benejam, L., P. L. Angermeier, A. Munné & E. García-Berthou, 2010. Assessing effects of water abstraction on fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 55: 628–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, S., A. Butturini & F. Sabater, 2002. Variability of DOC and nitrate responses to storms in a small Mediterranean forested catchment. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 6: 1031–1041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernez, I. & T. Ferreira, 2007. River macrophytes in regulated Mediterranean-type rivers of southern Portugal. Belgian Journal of Botany 140: 136–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, E. S. & M. A. Palmer, 2007. Restoring streams in an urbanizing world. Freshwater Biology 52: 738–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, E. S. & M. A. Palmer, 2011. River restoration: the fuzzy logic of repairing reaches to reverse catchment scale degradation. Ecological Applications 21: 1926–1931.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, E. S., M. A. Palmer, J. D. Allan, G. Alexander, K. Barnas, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Follstad-Shah, D. Galat, S. Gloss, P. Goodwin, D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, S. Katz, G. M. Kondolf, P. S. Lake, R. Lave, J. L. Meyer, T. K. O’Donnell, L. Pagano, B. Powell & E. Sudduth, 2005. Synthesizing US river restoration efforts. Science 308: 636–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, P. G., 1995. Mediterranean endemic freshwater fishes of Italy. Biological Conservation 72: 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, P. G., 1998. Freshwater fish transfers in Italy: history, local changes in fish fauna and a prediction on the future of native populations. In Cowx, I. G. (ed.), Stocking and Introduction of Fish. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford: 167–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, S. & E. Becarés, 2010. Are biotic indices sensitive to river toxicants? A comparison of metrics based on diatoms and macro-invertebrates. Chemosphere 79: 18–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, S., L. Ector, V. Huck, O. Monnier, H. M. Cauchie, L. Hoffman & E. Becarés, 2008. Diatom assemblages and water quality assessment in the Duero Basin (NW Spain). Belgian Journal of Botany 141: 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boix, D., E. García-Berthou, S. Gascón, L. Benejam, E. Tornés, J. Sala, J. Benito, A. Munné, C. Solà & S. Sabater, 2010. Response to community structure of sustained drought in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 383: 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollmohr, S. & R. Schulz, 2009. Seasonal changes of macroinvertebrate communities in a Western Cape river, South Africa, receiving nonpoint-source insecticide pollution. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28: 809–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonada, N., C. Zamora-Muñoz, M. Rieradevall & N. Prat, 2004. Trichoptera (Insecta) collected in Mediterranean river basins of the Iberian Peninsula: taxonomic remarks and notes on ecology. Graellsia 60: 41–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonada, N., N. Prat, V. H. Resh & B. Statzner, 2006. Developments in aquatic insect biomonitoring: a comparative analysis of recent approaches. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 495–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonada, N., S. Dolédec & B. Statzner, 2007a. Taxonomic and biological trait differences of stream macroinvertebrate communities between Mediterranean and temperate regions: implications for future climatic scenarios. Global Change Biology 13: 1658–1671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonada, N., M. Rieradevall & N. Prat, 2007b. Macroinvertebrate community structure and biological traits related to flow permanence in a Mediterranean river network. Hydrobiologia 589: 91–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonada, N., M. Rieradevall, H. Dallas, J. Davis, J. Day, R. Figueroa, V. H. Resh & N. Prat, 2008. Multi-scale assessment of macroinvertebrate richness and composition in Mediterranean-climate rivers. Freshwater Biology 53: 772–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, D. B., 1990. Stream-channel incision following drainage-basin urbanization. Water Resources Bulletin 26: 407–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, D. B., J. R. Karr, S. Schauman, C. P. Konrad, S. A. Morley, M. G. Larson & S. J. Burges, 2004. Reviving urban streams: land use, hydrology, biology, and human behavior. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40: 1351–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, A. & P. J. Suter, 1986. Ecology of temporary streams: an Australian perspective. In De Deckker, P. & W. D. Williams (eds), Limnology in Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 313–327.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, A. J., P. Marmonier & P. Sarriquet, 2007. Hyporheic invertebrate community composition in streams of varying salinity in southwestern Australia: diversity peaks at intermediate thresholds. River Research and Applications 23: 579–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, G. M. J. S., J. Balch, P. Artaxo, W. J. Bond, M. A. Cochrane, C. M. D’Antonio, R. De Fries, F. H. Johnston, J. E. Keeley, M. A. Krawchuk, C. A. Kull, M. Mack, M. A. Moritz, S. Pyne, C. I. Roos, A. C. Scott, N. S. Sodhi & T. W. Swetnam, 2011. The human dimension of fire regimes on earth. Journal of Biogeography 38: 2223–2236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyacioglu, H., 2006. Surface water quality assessment using factor analysis. Water SA 32: 389–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bredenhand, E. & M. J. Samways, 2009. Impact of a dam on benthic macroinvertebrates in a small river in a biodiversity hotspot: Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Journal of Insect Conservation 13: 297–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, J., 2007. Influences of human disturbance and natural physical and chemical variables on biological community structure in streams of southern coastal Santa Barbara County, California, and an index of biological integrity. M.A. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.

  • Brown, C., 2004. Effects of alien invasives on the Breede River. Report prepared by Southern Waters ER&C cc with the University of Stellenbosch for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Working for Water Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa.

  • Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. M. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), 2005a. Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. Symposium 47, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, USA.

  • Brown, L. R., C. A. Burton & K. Belitz, 2005b. Aquatic assemblages of the highly urbanized Santa Ana River basin, California. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. M. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. Symposium 47. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda: 263–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruder, A., E. Chauvet & M. O. Gessner, 2011. Litter diversity, fungal decomposers and litter decomposition under simulated stream intermittency. Functional Ecology 25: 1269–1277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn, S. E. & P. M. Davies, 1990. Why is the stream fauna of south-western Australia so impoverished? Hydrobiologia 194: 169–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn, S. E. & P. M. Davies, 1992. Community structure of the macroinvertebrate fauna and water quality of a saline river system in south-western Australia. Hydrobiologia 248: 143–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn, S. E., D. H. Edward & N. R. Loneragan, 1986. Spatial and temporal variation in the macroinvertebrate fauna of streams in the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia: community structure. Freshwater Biology 16: 67–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn, S. E., P. M. Davies & T. D. Mosisch, 1999. Ecosystem measures of river health and their responses to riparian and catchment degradation. Freshwater Biology 41: 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burcher, C. L., H. M. Valett & E. F. Benfield, 2007. The land-cover cascade: relationships coupling land and water. Ecology 88: 228–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, E. J., S. J. Brown & N. Christidis, 2006. Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the twenty-first century with the Hadley Centre climate model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7: 1113–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, C. A., L. R. Brown & K. Belitz, 2005. Assessing water source and channel type as factors affecting benthic macroinvertebrate and periphyton assemblages in the highly urbanized Santa Ana River basin, California. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. H. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, Bethesda: 239–262.

  • Busse, L. B., J. C. Simpson & S. D. Cooper, 2006. Relationships among nutrients, algae, and land use in urbanized southern California streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63: 2621–2638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butturini, A. & F. Sabater, 2002. Nitrogen concentrations in a small Mediterranean stream: 1. nitrate 2. ammonium. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 6: 539–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. A. P. E. Estuaries Management Program, 2008. Berg Estuary situation assessment. Report prepared by Anchor Environmental for Cape Action for People and the Environment, Cape Town, South Africa.

  • Caccetta, P., R. Dunne, R. George & D. McFarlane, 2010. A methodology to estimate the future extent of dryland salinity in the southwest of Western Australia. Journal of Environmental Quality 39: 26–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J. Jr. & J. R. Pratt, 1993. A history of biological monitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates. In Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh (eds), Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc, New York: 10–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. L., J. W. Hornbeck, W. H. McDowell, D. C. Buso, J. B. Shanley & G. E. Likens, 2000. Dissolved organic nitrogen budgets for upland, forested ecosystems in New England. Biogeochemistry 49: 123–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candela, A., G. Aronica & M. Santoro, 2005. Effects of forest fires on flood frequency curves in a Mediterranean catchment. Hydrological Sciences Journal 50: 193–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canhoto, C. & M. A. S. Graça, 1996. Decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus leaves and three native leaf species (Alnus glutinosa, Castanea sativa and Quercus faginea) in a Portuguese low order stream. Hydrobiologia 333: 79–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y., C. H. Wu, G. L. Andersen & P. A. Holden, 2011a. Community analysis-based methods. In Hagedorn, C., A. R. Blanch & F. J. Harwood (eds), Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies. Springer, New York: 251–282.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, YP., L. C. Van de Werfhorst, B. Sercu, J. L. S. Murray & P. A. Holden, 2011b. Application of an integrated community analysis approach for microbial source tracking in a coastal creek. Environmental Science & Technology 45: 7195–7201. doi:10.1021/es201118r

  • Carey, R. O. & K. W. Migliaccio, 2009. Contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to nutrient dynamics in aquatic systems: a review. Environmental Management 44: 205–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, J. L. & S. V. Fend, 2005. Setting limits: the development and use of factor-ceiling distributions for an urban assessment using macroinvertebrates. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. H. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, Bethesda: 179–191.

  • Casas, J. J., C. Zamora-Muñoz, F. Archila & J. Alba-Tercedor, 2000. The effects of a headwater dam on the use of leaf bags by invertebrate communities. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 16: 577–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceschin, S., V. Zuccarello & G. Caneva, 2010. Role of macrophyte communities as bioindicators of water quality: application on the Tiber River basin (Italy). Plant Biosystems 144: 528–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin, F. S. III., O. E. Sala & E. Huber-Sannwald, 2001. Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century. Ecological Studies, Vol. 152. Springer, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cheimonopoulou, M. T., D. C. Bobori, I. Theocharopoulos & M. Lazaridou, 2011. Assessing ecological water quality with macroinvertebrates and fish: a case study from a small Mediterranean river. Environmental Management 47: 279–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chenoweth, J., P. Hadjinicolaou, A. Bruggeman, J. Lelieveld, Z. Levin, M. A. Lange, E. Xoplaki & M. Hadjikakou, 2011. Impact of climate change on the water resources of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region: modeled 21st century changes and implications. Water Resources Research 47: W06506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherifi, O. & M. Loudiki, 1999. Flood transport of dissolved and suspended matter in the El Abud river basin (Morocco). Hydrobiologia 410: 287–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, Y., C. Salles, M.-G. Tournoud, P. Got, M. Troussellier, C. Rodier & A. Caro, 2011. Faecal bacteria loads during flood events in northwestern Mediterranean coastal rivers. Journal of Hydrology 405: 501–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clapcott, J. E., K. J. Collier, R. G. Death, E. O. Goodwin, J. S. Harding, D. Kelly, J. R. Leathwick & R. G. Young, 2012. Quantifying relationships between land-use gradients and structural and functional indicators of stream ecological integrity. Freshwater Biology 57: 74–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. M., D. Impson & J. Rall, 2009. Present status and historical changes in the fish fauna of the Berg River, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 64: 142–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clavero, M. & E. García-Berthou, 2006. Homogenization dynamics and introduction routes of invasive freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Applications 16: 2313–2324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clavero, M. & V. Hermoso, 2011. Reservoirs promote the taxonomic homogenization of fish communities within river basins. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clavero, M., V. Hermoso, N. Levin & S. Kark, 2010. Geographical linkages between threats and imperilment in freshwater fish in the Mediterranean Basin. Diversity and Distributions 16: 744–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S. D. & L. A. Barmuta, 1993. Field experiments in biomonitoring. In Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh (eds), Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Invertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York: 399–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S. D., T. L. Dudley & N. Hemphill, 1986. The biology of chaparral streams in southern California. In De Vries, J. (ed.), Proceedings of the Chaparral Ecosystems Research Conference, May 16–17, 1985, Santa Barbara, CA. California Water Resources Center, University of California, Davis, USA, Report No. 62: 139–151.

  • Cooper, S. D., S. Diehl, K. Kratz & O. Sarnelle, 1998. Implications of scale for patterns and processes in stream ecology. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbacho, C. & J. M. Sánchez, 2001. Patterns of species richness and introduced species in native freshwater fish faunas of a Mediterranean-type basin: the Guadiana River (southwest Iberian Peninsula). Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 17: 699–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbacho, C., J. M. Sánchez & E. Costillo, 2003. Patterns of structural complexity and human disturbance of riparian vegetation in agricultural landscapes of Mediterranean area. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 95: 495–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Correa-Araneda, F., R. Rivera, J. Urrutia, P. de los Rios, A. Contreras & F. Encina-Montoya, 2010. Effects of an urban zone on the benthonic macroinvertebrate community of a fluvial ecosystem in southern Chile. Limnetica 29: 183–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. W. A. F. (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa), 2004. Effects of Alien Invasives on the Breede River. Report prepared by Southern Water ER&C cc for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.

  • Dallas, H. F., 2007. The influence of biotope availability on macroinvertebrate assemblages in South African rivers: implications for aquatic bioassessment. Freshwater Biology 52: 370–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallas, H. F. & J. A. Day, 2007. Natural variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages and the development of a biological banding system for interpreting bioassessment data—a preliminary evaluation using data from upland sites in the south-western Cape, South Africa. Hydrobiologia 575: 231–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallas, H. F. & Z. A. Ketley, 2011. Upper thermal limits of aquatic macroinvertebrates: comparing critical thermal maxima with 96-LT(50) values. Journal of Thermal Biology 36: 322–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallas, H. F. & N. A. Rivers-Moore, 2011. Micro-scale heterogeneity in water temperature. Water SA 37: 505–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallas, H. F. & N. A. Rivers-Moore, 2012. Critical thermal maxima of aquatic macroinvertebrates: towards identifying bioindicators of thermal alteration. Hydrobiologia 679: 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, A., J.-L. Perrin, D. Rosian, C. Rodier, B. Picot & M.-G. Tournoud, 2011. Implication of two in-stream processes in the fate of nutrients discharged into a temporary river. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18: 491–507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. M., 2010. Climate change implications for river restoration in global biodiversity hotspots. Restoration Ecology 18: 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. A., L. Sim & J. Chambers, 2010. Multiple stressors and regime shifts in shallow aquatic ecosystems in antipodean landscapes. Freshwater Biology 55: 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Décamps, H., J. Joachim & J. Lauga, 1987. The importance for birds of the riparian woodlands within the alluvial corridor of the river Garonne, S.W. France. Regulated Rivers 1: 301–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Décamps, H., M. Fortune, F. Gazelle & G. Pautou, 1988. Historical influence of man on the riparian dynamics of a fluvial landscape. Landscape Ecology 1: 163–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, C., I. Pardo & L. Garcia, 2012. Diatom communities as indicators of ecological status in Mediterranean temporary streams (Balearic Islands, Spain). Ecological Indicators 15: 131–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa, 2001. South Africa Estuarine Land-cover [available on internet at http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/wc.html].

  • Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa, 2004. Breede Water Management Area (WMA No. 18), Internal Strategic Perspective. Prepared by N. Shand (Pty) Ltd in association with Jakoet & Associates, Umvoto Africa and Tlou and Matji, on behalf of the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning. Pretoria, South Africa. DWAF Report No. PWMA 18/000/00/0304 [available on internet at http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/].

  • Djellouli-Tabet, Y., 2010. Common scarcity, diverse responses in the Maghreb Region. In Schneier-Madanes, G. & M.-F. Courel (eds), Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Human and Environmental Interactions. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht: 87–102.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doupé, R. G., A. J. Lymbery & N. E. Pettit, 2006. Stream salinization is associated with reduced taxonomic but not functional diversity in a riparian plant community. Austral Ecology 32: 388–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downes, B. J., 2010. Back to the future: little-used tools and principles of scientific inference can help disentangle effects of multiple stressors on freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 55: 60–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downes, B. J., L. A. Barmuta, P. G. Fairweather, D. P. Faith, M. J. Keough, P. S. Lake, B. D. Mapstone & G. P. Quinn, 2002. Monitoring Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Practice in Flowing Waters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, T. L., 1992. Beneficial-effects of herbivores on stream macroalgae via epiphyte removal. Oikos 65: 121–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, T. L., S. D. Cooper & N. Hemphill, 1986. Effects of macroalgae on a stream invertebrate community. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5: 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Economidis, P. S., 1995. Endangered freshwater fishes of Greece. Biological Conservation 72: 201–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Economidis, P. S., E. Dimitriou, R. Pagoni, E. Michaloudi & L. Natsis, 2000. Introduced and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Greece. Fisheries Management and Ecology 7: 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elvira, B. & A. Almodóvar, 2001. Freshwater fish introductions in Spain: facts and figures at the beginning of the 21st century. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englund, G. & S. D. Cooper, 2003. Scale effects and extrapolation in ecological experiments. Advances in Ecological Research 33: 161–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, B. M., 2003. Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at our Earliest Inhabitants. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers/AltaMira Press, Lanham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, B. M., 2011. Elixir: A History of Water and Humankind. Bloomsbury Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faivre, N., P. Roche, M. M. Boer, L. McCaw & P. F. Grierson, 2011. Characterization of landscape pyrodiversity in Mediterranean environments: contrasts and similarities between south-western Australia and south-eastern France. Landscape Ecology 26: 557–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farmaki, E. G. & N. S. Thomaidis, 2008. Current status of the metal pollution of the environment of Greece—a review. Gobal Nest Journal 10: 366–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feio, M. J., T. Alves, M. Boavida, A. Medeiros & M. A. S. Graça, 2010. Functional indicators of stream health: a river-basin approach. Freshwater Biology 55: 1050–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feld, C. K., S. Birk, D. C. Bradley, D. Hering, J. Kail, A. Marzin, A. Melcher, D. Nemitz, M. L. Pedersen, F. Pletterbauer, D. Pont, P. F. M. Verdonschot & N. Friberg, 2011. From natural to degraded rivers and back again: a test of restoration ecology theory and practice. Advances in Ecological Research 44: 119–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feminella, J. W. & V. H. Resh, 1991. Herbivorous caddisflies, macroalgae, and epilithic microalgae—dynamic interactions in a stream grazing system. Oecologia 87: 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fend, S. V., J. L. Carter & F. R. Kearns, 2005. Relationships of field habitat measurements, visual habitat indices, and land cover to benthic macroinvertebrates in urbanized streams of the Santa Clara Valley, California. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. H. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, Bethesda: 193–212.

  • Fenn, M. E. & M. A. Poth, 1999. Temporal and spatial trends in streamwater nitrate concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 822–836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, M. R., F. C. Aguiar & M. T. Ferreira, 2011. Assessing riparian vegetation structure and the influence of land use using landscape metrics and geostatistical tools. Landscape and Urban Planning 99: 166–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, C., M. Gonzalez-Doncel, J. Pro, G. Carbonell & J. V. Tarzona, 2010. Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface waters of the Henares-Jarama-Tajo river system (Madrid, Spain) and a potential risk characterization. Science of the Total Environment 408: 543–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, V. & E. Chauvet, 2011a. Future increase in temperature more than decrease in litter quality can affect microbial litter decomposition in streams. Oecologia 167: 279–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, V. & E. Chauvet, 2011b. Synergistic effects of water temperature and dissolved nutrients on litter decomposition and associated fungi. Global Change Biology 17: 551–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, M. T., F. C. Aguiar & C. Nogueira, 2005. Changes in riparian woods over space and time: influence of environment and land use. Forest Ecology and Management 212: 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, T., J. Olivera, N. Caiola, A. De Sostoa, F. Casals, R. Cortes, A. Economou, X. Zogaris, D. Garcia-Jalon, M. Ilhéu, F. Marinez-Capel, D. Pont, C. Rogers & J. Prenda, 2007. Ecological traits of fish assemblages from Mediterranean Europe and their responses to human disturbance. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14: 473–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ficetola, G. F., L. Marziali, B. Rossaro, F. de Bernardi & E. Padoa-Schioppa, 2011. Landscape–stream interactions and habitat conservation for amphibians. Ecological Applications 21: 1272–1282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, F. A., B. C. Scudder, B. N. Lenz & D. J. Sullivan, 2001. Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37: 1489–1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley, J. A., R. De Fries, G. P. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S. R. Carpenter, F. S. Chapin, M. T. Coe, G. C. Daily, H. K. Gibbs, J. H. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E. A. Howard, C. J. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J. A. Patz, I. C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty & P. K. Snyder, 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science 309: 570–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friberg, N., N. Bonada, D. C. Bradley, M. J. Dunbar, F. K. Edwards, J. Grey, R. B. Hayes, A. G. Hildrew, N. Lamouroux, M. Trimmer & G. Woodward, 2011. Biomonitoring of human impacts in freshwater ecosystems: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Advances in Ecological Research 44: 1–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furby, S., P. Caccetta & J. Wallace, 2010. Salinity monitoring in Western Australia using remotely sensed and other spatial data. Journal of Environmental Quality 39: 16–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gafny, S., M. Goren & A. Gasith, 2000. Habitat condition and fish assemblage structure in a coastal mediterranean stream (Yarqon, Israel) receiving domestic effluent. Hydrobiologia 422: 319–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gammage, B., 2011. The Biggest Greatest Estate on Earth. How Aborigines Made Australia. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Ruíz, J. M., D. Regüés, B. Alvera, N. Lana-Renault, P. Serrano-Muela, E. Nadal-Romero, A. Navas, J. Latron, C. Martí-Bono & J. Arnáez, 2008. Flood generation and sediment transport in experimental catchments affected by land use changes in the central Pyrenees. Journal of Hydrology 356: 245–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Ruiz, J. M., J. I. López-Moreno, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, T. Lasanta-Martínez & S. Beguería, 2011. Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Reviews 105: 121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasith, A. & V. H. Resh, 1999. Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: abiotic influences and biotic responses to predictable seasonal events. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 30: 51–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudes, A., J. Artigas & I. Muñoz, 2010. Species traits and resilience of meiofauna to floods and droughts in a Mediterranean stream. Marine & Freshwater Research 61: 1336–1347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghassemi, F., A. J. Jakeman & H. A. Nix, 1995. Salinisation of Land and Water Resources. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Sánchez, J. M. & J. Alba-Tercedor, 2002. Ecology of the native and introduced crayfishes Austropotamobius pallipes and Procamburus clarkii in southern Spain and implications for conservation of the native species. Biological Conservation 105: 75–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ginebreda, A., I. Muñoz, M. L. de Alda, R. Brix, J. Lopez-Doval & D. Barceló, 2010. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in rivers: Relationships between hazard indexes and aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes in the Llobregat River (NE Spain). Environment International 36: 153–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glennon, R., 2002. Water Follies. Groundwater Pumping and the Fate of America’s Fresh Waters. Island Press, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Going, B. M. & T. L. Dudley, 2008. Invasive riparian plant litter alters aquatic insect growth. Biological Invasions 10: 1041–1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Going, B., J. Simpson & T. Even, 2008. The influence of light on the growth of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Hydrobiologia 607: 75–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • González, E., E. Muller, B. Gallardo, F. A. Comín & M. González-Sanchís, 2010. Factors controlling litter production in a large Mediterranean river floodplain forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 1698–1709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodridge, B. M. & J. M. Melack, 2012. Land use control of stream nitrate concentrations in mountainous coastal California watersheds. Journal of Geophysical Research 117: G02005. doi:10.1029/2011JG001833.

  • Goslin, M., 2005. Creating a comprehensive dam dataset for assessing anadromous fish passage in California. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, USA. Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-376.

  • Graça, M. A. S., C. Cressa, T. M. O. Gessner, M. J. Feio, K. A. Callies & C. Barrios, 2001. Food quality, feeding preferences, survival and growth of shredders from temperate and tropical streams. Freshwater Biology 46: 947–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. B., 2006. Structural Equation Modeling and Natural Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Grantham, T. E., M. Cañedo-Arguelles, I. Perree, M. Rieradevall & N. Prat, 2012. A mesocosm approach for detecting stream invertebrate community responses to treated wastewater effluent. Environmental Pollution 160: 95–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. & J. Sabo, 2010. Incorporating environmental variation into models of community stability: examples from stream fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium 73: 407–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guasch, H., A. Serra, N. Corcoll, B. Bonet & M. Leira, 2010. Metal ecotoxicology in fluvial biofilms: potential influence of water scarcity. In Sabater, S. & D. Barceló (eds), Water Scarcity in Mediterranean Areas. Springer, New York: 41–53.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gulis, V., V. Ferreira & M. A. S. Graça, 2006. Stimulation of leaf litter decomposition and associated fungi and invertebrates by moderate eutrophication: implications for stream assessment. Freshwater Biology 51: 1655–1669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gumiero, B., B. Maiolini, M. Rinaldi, N. Surian, B. Boz & F. Moroni, 2009. The Italian Rivers. In Tockner, K., U. Uhlinger & C. T. Robinson (eds), Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, Amsterdam: 467–495.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hagedorn, C., A. R. Blanch & F. J. Harwood, 2011. Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies. Springer, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hallam, S. J., 1975. Fire and Hearth. A Study of Aboriginal Usage and European Usurpation in South-western Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, Australia.

  • Halse, S. A., J. K. Ruprecht & A. M. Pinder, 2003. Salinisation and prospects for biodiversity in rivers and wetlands of south-west Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 673–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, S. M., 2011. Effects of pollution on freshwater organisms. Water Environment Research 83: 1733–1788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, J. S., E. F. Benfield, P. V. Tolstad, G. S. Helfman & E. B. D. Jones, 1998. Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 14843–14847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. D., 1975. The decomposition of leaves in two southern California streams. M.A. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

  • Hassell, C. W. & J. R. Dodson, 2003. The fire history of south-west Western Australia prior to European settlement in 1826–1829. In Abbott, I. & N. Burrows (eds), Fire in Ecosystems of South-West Western Australia: Impacts and Management. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbst, D. B., M. T. Bogan, S. K. Roll & H. D. Safford, 2012. Effects of livestock exclusion on in-stream habitat and benthic invertebrate assemblages in montane streams. Freshwater Biology 57: 204–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso, V. & M. Clavero, 2011. Threatening processes and conservation management of endemic freshwater fish in the Mediterranean basin: a review. Marine & Freshwater Research 62: 244–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso, V., M. Clavero, F. Blanco-Garrido & J. Prenda, 2009. Assessing freshwater fish sensitivity to different sources of perturbation in a Mediterranean basin. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18: 269–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso, V., M. Clavero, F. Blanco-Garrido & J. Prenda, 2010. Assessing the ecological status in species-poor systems: a fish-based index for Mediterranean Rivers (Guadiana River, SW Spain). Ecological Indicators 10: 1152–1161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso, V., M. Clavero, F. Blanco-Garrido & J. Prenda, 2011. Invasive species and habitat degradation in Iberian streams: an analysis of their role in freshwater fish diversity loss. Ecological Applications 21: 175–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermoso, V., M. Clavero & M. J. Kennard, 2012. Determinants of fine-scale homogenization and differentiation of native freshwater fish faunas in a Mediterranean Basin: implications for conservation. Diversity and Distributions 18: 236–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin, E. P. & B. H. Hamilton, 1993. Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: setting the scene. Fertilizer Research 36: 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooke, J. M., 2006. Human impacts on fluvial systems in the Mediterranean region. Geomorphology 79: 311–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornberger, G. M., M. G. Kelly & B. J. Cosby, 1977. Evaluating eutrophication potential from river community productivity. Water Research 11: 65–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, P., 1997. Comparative endemism and richness of the aquatic invertebrate fauna in peatlands and shrublands of far south-western Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56: 313–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, P., D. Bradshaw, S. Hopper, P. Davies, R. Froend & F. Bradshaw, 2008. Hydrological change escalates risk of ecosystem stress in Australia’s threatened biodiversity hotspot. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, S. J., J. M. Santos, M. T. Ferreira, R. Caraça & A. M. Mendes, 2009. Ecological assessment of an intermittent Mediterranean river using community structure and function: evaluating the role of different organism groups. Freshwater Biology 54: 2383–2400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, S. J., J. Santos, T. Ferreira & A. Mendes, 2010. Evaluating the response of biological assemblages as potential indicators for restoration measures in an intermittent Mediterranean river. Environmental Management 46: 285–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, L. E., 2008. Southern California coast steelhead recovery planning area: conservation action planning (CAP) workbooks threats assessment. Report prepared by Hunt & Associates, Biological Consulting Services, Santa Barbara, CA for NOAA-NMFS Southwest Region, Santa Barbara, USA.

  • Iliopoulou-Georgudaki, J., V. Kantzaris, P. Katharios, P. Kaspiris, T. Georgiadis & B. Montesantou, 2003. An application of different bioindicators for assessing water quality: a case study in the rivers Alfeios and Pineios (Peloponnisos, Greece). Ecological Indicators 2: 345–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Impson, N. D., 2007. Freshwater fishes. In Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007. Scientific Services, CapeNature, Cape Town: 18–33. http://www.capenature.co.za/docs/1016/Biodiversity%20Review.pdf.

  • Innal, D. & F. Erk’akan, 2006. Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 16: 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. B. & G. E. Horst, 2010. Recent developments in landscape approaches for the study of aquatic ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29: 41–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. K., T. Wierderholm & D. M. Rosenberg, 1993. Freshwater biomonitoring using individual organisms, populations, and species assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates. In Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh (eds), Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, London: 40–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kala, J., T. J. Lyons & U. S. Nair, 2011. Numerical simulations of the impacts of land-cover change on cold fronts in south-west Western Australia. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 138: 121–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kara, H. M., 2011. Freshwater fish diversity in Algeria with emphasis on alien species. European Journal of Wildlife Research 58: 243–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karaer, F. & A. Kucukballi, 2006. Monitoring of water quality and assessment of organic pollution load in the Nilufer Stream, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 114: 391–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kargioglu, M., A. Serteser, E. Kivrak, Y. Icaga & M. Konuk, 2012. Relationships between epipelic diatoms, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality in Akar double dagger ay Stream, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 41: 74–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karrasch, B., O. Parma, H. Cid, M. Mehrens, P. Pacheco, R. Urrulia, C. Valdovinos & C. Zaror, 2006. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on the microplankton and microbial self-purification capabilities of the Biobio River, Chile. Science of the Total Environment 359: 194–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, W. R., S. A. Halse, M. D. Scanlon & M. J. Smith, 2001. Distribution and environmental tolerances of aquatic macroinvertebrate families in the agricultural zone of southwestern Australia. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20: 182–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, J. E., 2002. Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges. Journal of Biogeography 29: 303–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keipert, N., D. Weaver, R. Summers, M. Clarke & S. Neville, 2008. Guiding BMP adoption to improve water quality in various estuarine ecosystems in Western Australia. Water Science and Technology 57: 1749–1756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennard, M. J., B. J. Pusey, J. D. Olden, S. J. Mackay, J. L. Stein & N. Marsh, 2010. Classification of natural flow regimes in Australia to support environmental flow management. Freshwater Biology 55: 171–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kettle, A. J., L. A. Vollestad & J. Wibig, 2011. Where once the eel and the elephant were together: decline of the European eel because of changing hydrology in southwest Europe and northwest Africa? Fish and Fisheries 12: 380–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. S., M. E. Baker, D. F. Whigham, D. E. Weller, T. E. Jordan, P. F. Kazyak & M. K. Hurd, 2005. Spatial considerations for linking watershed land cover to ecological indicators in streams. Ecological Applications 15: 137–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. S., M. E. Baker, P. F. Kazyak & D. E. Weller, 2011. How novel is too novel? Stream community thresholds at exceptionally low levels of catchment urbanization. Ecological Applications 21: 1659–1678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klausmeyer, K. R. & M. R. Shaw, 2009. Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klose, K. & S. D. Cooper, 2012a. Contrasting effects of an invasive crayfish (Procamburus clarkii) on two temperate stream communities. Freshwater Biology 57: 526–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klose, K. & S. D. Cooper, 2012b. Complex impacts of an invasive omnivore and native consumers on stream communities in California and Hawaii. Oecologia. doi:10.1007/s004422-012-2449-y.

  • Klose, K., S. D. Cooper & A. Leydecker, 2009. An assessment of numeric algal and nutrient targets for Ventura River watershed total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Report to the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles, USA.

  • Klose, K., S. D. Cooper, A. D. Leydecker & J. Kreitler, 2012. Relationships among catchment land use and concentrations of nutrients, algae, and dissolved oxygen in a southern California river. Freshwater Science 31: 908–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondolf, G. M., 1997. Hungry water: effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environmental Management 21: 533–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondolf, G. M., 1998. Lessons learned from river restoration projects in California. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 39–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondolf, G. M., M. W. Smeltzer & S. F. Railsback, 2001. Design and performance of a channel reconstruction project in a coastal California gravel-bed stream. Environmental Management 28: 761–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondolf, G. M., S. Anderson, R. Lave, L. Pagano, A. Merenlander & E. S. Bernhardt, 2007. Two decades of river restoration in California: what can we learn? Restoration Ecology 15: 516–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, C. P. & D. B. Booth, 2005. Hydrologic changes in urban streams and their ecological significance. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. H. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, Bethesda: 157–177.

  • Lake, P. S., 2003. Ecological effects of perturbation by drought in flowing waters. Freshwater Biology 48: 1161–1172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake, P. S., 2011. Drought and Aquatic Ecosystems. Effects and Responses. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, K., A. Liess, J. J. Pigott, C. R. Townsend & C. D. Matthaei, 2011. Light, nutrients and grazing interact to determine stream diatom community composition and functional group structure. Freshwater Biology 56: 264–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, S., A. Sorace & L. Mancini, 2010. Riparian bird communities as indicators of human impacts along Mediterranean streams. Environmental Management 45: 261–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J. E., K. B. Lunde, R. D. Mazor, L. A. Bêche, E. P. McElravy & V. H. Resh, 2010. Long-term macroinvertebrate responses to climate change: implications for biological assessments in Mediterranean-climate streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29: 1424–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre, D. C., B. W. van Wilgen, R. A. Chapman & D. H. McKelly, 1996. Invasive plants and water resources in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: modeling the consequences of a lack of management. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 161–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre, D. C., M. Gaertner, E. Marchante, E.-J. Ens, P. M. Holmes, A. Pauchard, P. J. O’Farrell, A. M. Rogers, R. Blanchard, J. Blignaut & D. M. Richardson, 2011. Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration. Diversity and Distributions 17: 1015–1029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, B., P. Döll, J. Alcamo, Y. Henrichs & F. Kaspar, 2006. Estimating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks in Europe: a continental, integrated analysis. Climatic Change 75: 273–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W. M. Jr., 2002. Yield of nitrogen from minimally disturbed watersheds of the United States. Biogeochemistry 57(58): 375–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, T. & M. P. Marchetti, 2007. Distinguishing between invasions and habitat changes as drivers of biodiversity loss among California’s freshwater fishes. Conservation Biology 21: 434–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lillo, F., F. P. Faraone & M. L. Valvo, 2011. Can the introduction of Xenopus laevis affect native amphibian populations? Reduction of reproductive occurrence in presence of the invasive species. Biological Invasions 13: 1533–1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. J. & R. F. Ambrose, 2005. Relations between fish assemblages and urbanization in southern California coastal streams. In Brown, L. R., R. H. Gray, R. H. Hughes & M. R. Meador (eds), Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, Bethesda: 229–238.

  • Little, C., A. Lara, J. McPhee & R. Urrutia, 2009. Revealing the impact of forest exotic plantations on water yield in large scale watersheds in South-Central Chile. Journal of Hydrology 374: 162–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lobos, G. & G. J. Measey, 2002. Invasive populations of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in Chile. Herpetological Journal 12: 163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Moreno, J. I., S. M. Vicente-Serrano, E. Moran-Tejeda, J. Zabalza, J. Lorenzo-Lacruz & J. M. García-Ruiz, 2011. Impact of climate evolution and land use changes on water yield in the Ebro Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15: 311–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., S. M. Vicente-Serrano, J. I. López-Moreno, S. Begueŕia, J. M. Garćia-Ruiz & J. M. Cuadrat, 2010. The impact of droughts and water management on various hydrological systems in the headwaters of the Tagus River (central Spain). Journal of Hydrology 386: 13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, S. R., D. J. Woodford, D. N. Impson & J. A. Day, 2010. The impact of invasive fish and invasive riparian plants on the invertebrate fauna of the Rondegat River, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 33: 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lymbery, A. J., R. G. Doupé & N. E. Pettit, 2003. Effects of salinisation on riparian plant communities in experimental catchments on the Collie River, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 667–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhães, M. F., P. Beja, I. F. Schlosser & M. J. Collares-Pereira, 2007. Effects of multi-year droughts on fish assemblages of seasonally drying Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 52: 1494–1510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhães, M. F., C. E. Ramalho & M. J. Collares-Pereira, 2008. Assessing biotic integrity in a Mediterranean watershed: development and evaluation of a fish-based index. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15: 273–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magoba, R. N. & M. J. Samways, 2010. Recovery of benthic macroinvertebrate and adult dragonfly assemblages in response to large scale removal of riparian invasive alien trees. Journal of Insect Conservation 14: 627–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maloney, K. O. & D. E. Weller, 2011. Anthropogenic disturbance and streams: land use and land-use change affect stream ecosystems via multiple pathways. Freshwater Biology 56: 611–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mancilla, G., C. Valdovinos, M. Azocar, P. Jorquera & R. Figueroa, 2009a. Replacement effect of riparian native vegetation on benthic macroinvertebrates community in temperate climate streams, Central Chile. Hydrobiologia 19: 193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancilla, G., C. Valdovinos, M. Azocar, M. Henriquez & R. Figueroa, 2009b. Multimetric approach to water quality evaluation of basins with different levels of anthropic perturbation. Interciencia 34: 857–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti, M. P., T. Light, P. B. Moyle & J. H. Viers, 2004. Fish invasions in California watersheds: testing hypotheses using landscape patterns. Ecological Applications 14: 1507–1525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti, M. P., J. L. Lockwood & T. Light, 2006. Effects of urbanization on California’s fish diversity: differentiation, homogenization and the influence of spatial scale. Biological Conservation 127: 310–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchi, L., M. Borga, E. Preciso & E. Gaume, 2010. Characterisation of selected extreme flash floods in Europe and implications for flood risk management. Journal of Hydrology 394: 118–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marr, S. M., M. P. Marchetti, J. D. Olden, E. García-Berthou, D. L. Morgan, I. Arismendi, J. A. Day, C. L. Griffiths & P. H. Skelton, 2010. Freshwater fish introductions in Mediterranean-climate regions: are there commonalities in the conservation problem? Diversity and Distributions 16: 606–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martí, E., J. L. Riera & F. Sabater, 2010. Effects of wastewater treatment plants on stream nutrient dynamics under water scarcity conditions. In Sabater, S. & D. Barceló (eds), Water Scarcity in the Mediterranean. Springer, New York: 173–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martín, G., J. Toja, S. E. Sala, M. D. R. Fernández, I. Reyes & M. A. Casco, 2010. Application of diatom biotic indices in the Guadalquivir River Basin, a Mediterranean basin. Which one is the most appropriated? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 170: 519–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, A. G., S. Bautista, J. Llovet & J. Bellot, 2007. Post-fire hydrological and erosional responses of a Mediterranean landscape: seven years of catchment-scale dynamics. Catena 71: 68–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazor, R. D. & K. Schiff, 2008. Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) Synthesis Report on Stream Assessments in the San Diego Region. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA. Technical Report 527.

  • Mazor, R. D., A. H. Purcell & V. H. Resh, 2009. Long-term variability in bioassessments: a twenty-year study from two northern California streams. Environmental Management 43: 1269–1286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazor, R. D., D. J. Gillett, K. Schiff, K. Ritter & E. D. Stein, 2011. Ecological Condition of Watersheds in Coastal Southern California: Summary of the Storm water Monitoring Coalition’s Stream Monitoring Program First Year (2009). Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA. Technical Report 639.

  • McBride, M. & D. B. Booth, 2005. Urban impacts on physical stream condition: effects of spatial scale, connectivity, and longitudinal trends. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41: 565–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McComb, A. J. & J. A. Davis, 1993. Eutrophic waters of southwestern Australia. Fertilizer Research 36: 105–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, D. J. & R. J. George, 1992. Factors affecting dryland salinity in two wheatbelt catchments in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30: 85–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G. K., 1984. Effects of abiotic disturbance on coexistence of predator-prey fish species. Ecology 65: 1525–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melack, J. M. & A. Leydecker, 2005. Episodic variations in nutrient concentrations in coastal California streams. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 29: 1049–1053.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menció, A. & J. Mas-Pla, 2008. Assessment by multivariate analysis of groundwater–surface interactions in urbanized Mediterranean streams. Journal of Hydrology 352: 355–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menció, A. & J. Mas-Pla, 2010. Influence of groundwater exploitation on the ecological status of streams in a Mediterranean system (Selva Basin, NE Spain). Ecological Indicators 10: 915–926.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menéndez, M., E. Descals, T. Riera & O. Moya, 2011. Leaf litter breakdown in Mediterranean streams: effect of dissolved inorganic nutrients. Hydrobiologia 669: 143–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merseburger, G., E. Martí, F. Sabater & J. D. Ortiz, 2011. Point source effects on N and P uptake in a forested and an agricultural Mediterranean streams. Science of the Total Environment 409: 957–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millán, A., J. Velasco, C. Gutiérrez-Cánovas, P. Arribas, F. Picazo, D. Sánchez-Fernández & P. Abellán, 2011. Mediterranean saline streams in southeast Spain: what do we know? Journal of Arid Environments 75(SI): 1352–1359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D. & K. L. Farnsworth, 2011. River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Minear, J. T. & G. M. Kondolf, 2009. Estimating reservoir sedimentation rates at large spatial and temporal scales: a case study of California. Water Resources Research 45: Article W12502, 8 pp.

  • Mokhatla, M. M., G. J. Measey, C. T. Chimimba & B. J. van Rensburg, 2012. A biogeographical assessment of anthropogenic threats to areas where different frog breeding groups occur in South Africa: implications for anuran conservation. Diversity and Distributions 18: 470–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moline, A. B. & N. L. Poff, 2008. Growth of an invertebrate shredder on native (Populus) and non-native (Tamarix, Elaeagnus) leaf litter. Freshwater Biology 53: 1012–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L., D. D. Thorburn & H. Gill, 2003. Salinization of southwestern Western Australian rivers and the implications for the inland fish fauna—the Blackwood River, a case study. Pacific Conservation Biology 9: 161–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P. B., J. A. Israel & S. E. Purdy, 2008. Salmon, Steelhead, and Trout in California: Status of an Emblematic Fauna. Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA. Report Commissioned by California Trout, San Francisco, California, USA.

  • Moyle, P. B., J. V. E. Katz & R. M. Quinones, 2011. Rapid decline of California’s native inland fishes: a status assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2414–2423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mpelasoka, F., K. Hennessy, R. Jones & B. Bates, 2008. Comparison of suitable drought indices for climate change impacts assessment over Australia towards resource management. International Journal of Climatology 28: 1283–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munné, A. & N. Prat, 2011. Effects of Mediterranean climate annual variability on stream biological quality assessment using macroinvertebrate communities. Ecological Indicators 11: 651–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz, I., J. C. López-Doval, M. Ricart, M. Villagrasa, R. Brix, A. Geiszinger, A. Ginebreda, H. Guasch, M. J. L. de Alda, A. M. Romaní, S. Sabater & D. Barceló, 2009. Bridging levels of pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community structure in the Llobregat River basin (Northeast Spain). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28: 2706–2714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Múrria, C., N. Bonada & N. Prat, 2008. Effects of the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca) on community structure in a small Mediterranean stream. Fundamental and Applied Limnology 171: 131–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N., C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. de Fonseca & J. Kent, 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naiman, R. J. & H. Décamps, 1997. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 621–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Marine Fisheries Service, 2012. Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan. Southwest Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, Long Beach, CA, USA [available on internet at http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/recovery/plans.htm].

  • Navel, S., F. Mermillod-Blondin, B. Montuelle, E. Chauvet, L. Simon, C. Piscart & P. Marmonier, 2010. Interactions between fauna and sediment control the breakdown of plant matter in river sediments. Freshwater Biology 55: 753–766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, F. H., L. Scott & M. K. Bamford, 2011. Climate change and human disturbance of fynbos vegetation during the late Holocene at Princess Vlei, Western Cape, South Africa. Holocene 21: 1137–1149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R. H. & A. Georges, 1993. Analysis and interpretation of benthic macroinvertebrate surveys. In Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh (eds), Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York: 234–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obermann, M., K. H. Rosenwinkel & M. G. Tournoud, 2009. Investigation of first-flushes in a medium-sized Mediterranean catchment. Journal of Hydrology 373: 405–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ode, P. R., A. C. Rehn & J. T. May, 2005. A quantitative tool for assessing the integrity of southern coastal California streams. Environmental Management 35: 493–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ode, P. R., T. M. Kincaid, T. Fleming & A. C. Rehn, 2010. Ecological conditional assessments of California’s perennial wadeable streams (2000 through 2007): novel use of a probability survey to assess the condition of streams draining agricultural, urban and forested landscapes. Report Prepared by California Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Bioassessment Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Non-Point Source Program, Sacramento, USA.

  • Olivier, J.-M., G. Carrel, N. Lamouroux, M.-J. Dole-Olivier, F. Malard, J.-P. Bravard & C. Amoros, 2009. The Rhône River Basin. In Tockner, K., U. Uhlinger & C. T. Robinson (eds), Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, Amsterdam: 247–295.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ollero, A., 2007. Channel adjustments, floodplain changes and riparian ecosystems of the middle Ebro River: assessment and management. International Journal on Water Resources Development 23: 73–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, J. D. & M. A. Puig, 2007. Point source effects on density, biomass and diversity of benthic invertebrates in a Mediterranean stream. River Research and Applications 23: 155–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, J. D., E. Martí & M. A. Puig, 2005. Recovery of the macroinvertebrate community below a wastewater treatment plant input in a Mediterranean stream. Hydrobiologia 545: 289–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, J. D., G. Merseburger, E. Martí, M. Ordeix & F. Sabater, 2008. Effects of urbanization on aquatic macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean streams. In Wagner, L. N. (ed.), Urbanization: 21st Century Issues and Challenges. Nova Science Publishers Inc., Hauppauge, NY: 91–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M. A. & J. D. Allan, 2006. Restoring rivers. Issues in Science and Technology 22: 40–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M. A., E. S. Bernhardt, J. D. Allan, P. S. Lake, G. Alexander, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. N. Dahm, J. F. Shah, D. L. Galat, S. G. Loss, P. Goodwin, D. D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, G. M. Kondolf, R. Lave, J. L. Meyer, T. K. O’Donnell, L. Pagano & E. Sudduth, 2005. Standards for ecologically successful river restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 208–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Y. D., A. Herlihy, P. Kaufmann, J. Wigington, J. van Sickle & T. Moser, 2004. Linkages among land-use, water quality, physical habitat conditions and lotic diatom assemblages: a multi-spatial scale assessment. Hydrobiologia 515: 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual, L.-L., M. Luigi, F. Alessandra, B. Emilio & B. Luigi, 2011. Hotspots of species richness, threat and endemism for terrestrial vertebrates in SW Europe. Acta Oecologia 37: 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, M. J. & J. L. Meyer, 2001. Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 333–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlin, J., 1989. A Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peru, N. & S. Dolédec, 2010. From compositional to functional biodiversity metrics in bioassessment: a case study using stream macroinvertebrate communities. Ecological Indicators 10: 1025–1086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, E. E., F. Sheldon, R. Darnell, S. E. Bunn & B. D. Harch, 2011. A comparison of spatially explicit landscape representation methods and their relationship to stream condition. Freshwater Biology 56: 590–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrovic, M., A. Ginebreda, V. Acuña, R. J. Batalla, A. Elosegi, H. Guasch, M. L. de Alda, R. Marce, I. Muñoz, A. Navarro-Ortega, E. Navarro, D. Vericat, S. Sabater & D. Barceló, 2011. Combined scenarios of chemical and ecological quality under water scarcity in Mediterranean rivers. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 30: 1269–1278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman, A. J., G. T. Narisma, R. A. Pielke & N. J. Holbrook, 2004. Impact of land cover change on the climate of southwest Western Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 109: D18109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poesen, J. W. A. & J. M. Hooke, 1997. Erosion, flooding and channel management in Mediterranean environments of southern Europe. Progress in Physical Geography 21: 157–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poquet, J. M., J. Alba-Tercedor, T. Punti, M. D. Sánchez-Montoya, S. Robles, M. Alvarez, C. Zamora-Muñoz, C. E. Sainz-Cantero, M. R. Vidal-Abarca, M. L. Suarez, M. Toro, A. M. Pujante, M. Rieradevall & N. Prat, 2009. The MEDiterranean Predication and Classification System (MEDPACS): and implementation of the RIVPACS/AUSRIVAS predictive approach for assessing Mediterranean aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. Hydrobiologia 623: 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, S. D., D. K. Mueller, N. E. Spahr, M. D. Munn & N. M. Dubrovsky, 2008. Efficacy of algal metrics for assessing nutrient and organic enrichment in flowing waters. Freshwater Biology 53: 1036–1054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prat, N. & A. Munné, 2000. Water use and quality and stream flow in a Mediterranean stream. Water Research 34: 3876–3881.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prenda, J. & A. Gallardo-Mayenco, 1996. Self-purification, temporal variability and the macroinvertebrate community in small lowland Mediterranean streams receiving crude domestic sewage effluents. Archive fur Hydrobiologie 136: 159–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, A. H., C. Friedrich & V. H. Resh, 2002. An assessment of a small urban stream restoration project in northern California. Restoration Ecology 10: 685–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehn, A. C., 2010. The effects of wildfire on benthic macroinvertebrates in southern California. Memo to the San Diego Regional Water Quality Board, San Diego, USA.

  • Rehn, A. C., P. R. Ode & C. P. Hawkins, 2007. Comparisons of targeted-riffle and reach-wide benthic macroinvertebrate samples: implications for data sharing in stream-condition assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 332–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resh, V. H., 2008. Which group is best? Attributes of different biological assemblages used in freshwater biomonitoring programs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 138: 131–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resh, V. H. & G. Grodhaus, 1983. Aquatic insects in urban environments. In Frankie, G. W. & C. S. Koehler (eds), Urban Entomology, Chap. 11: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Praeger Publishers, New York: 247–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, F. & P. M. Leunda, 2012. Non-native fish impacts on Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems: current knowledge and research needs. Fisheries Management and Ecology 19: 142–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricart, M., H. Guasch, D. Barceló, R. Brix, M. H. Conceição, A. Geiszinger, M. J. L. de Alda, J. C. López-Doval, I. Muñoz, C. Postigo, A. M. Romaní, M. Villagrasa & S. Sabater, 2010. Primary and complex stressors in polluted Mediterranean rivers: pesticide effects on biological communities. Journal of Hydrology 383: 52–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggan, P. J., R. N. Lockwood & E. N. López, 1985. Deposition and processing of airborne nitrogen pollutants in Mediterranean-type ecosystems of southern California. Environmental Science and Technology 19: 781–789.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, S. P. D., G. T. Busteed, L. B. Kats, T. L. Vandergon, L. F. S. Lee, R. G. Dagit, J. L. Kerby, R. N. Fisher & R. M. Sauvajot, 2005. Effects of urbanization on the distribution and abundance of amphibians and invasive species in southern California streams. Conservation Biology 2005: 1894–1907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, G. S. P. & D. M. Weaver, 1993. Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment. Fertilizer Research 36: 115–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • River Health Programme, 2003. State-of-Rivers Report: Diep, Hout Bay, Laurens and Palmiet River Systems. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, South Africa.

  • River Health Programme, 2007. State-of-Rivers Report: Rivers of the Gouritz Water Management Area. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, South Africa.

  • Robinson, T. H., 2006. Catchment and subcatchment scale linkages between land use and nutrient concentrations and fluxes in coastal California streams. Ph.D. Thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

  • Robinson, T. H., A. Leydecker, A. A. Keller & J. M. Melack, 2005. Steps towards modeling nutrient export in coastal California streams with a Mediterranean climate. Agricultural Water Management 77: 144–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rolland, T., S. Fayolle, A. Cazaubon & S. Pagnetti, 1997. Methodical approach to distribution of epilithic and drifting algae communities in a French subalpine river: inferences on water quality assessment. Aquatic Sciences 59: 57–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh, 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A. H., M. C. Freeman, B. J. Freeman, S. J. Wenger, J. L. Meyer & W. E. Ensign, 2006. Importance of riparian forests in urban catchments contingent on sediment and hydrologic regimes. Environmental Management 37: 523–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A. H., B. J. Freeman & M. C. Freeman, 2007. Riparian influence on stream fish assemblage structure in urbanizing streams. Landscape Ecology 22: 385–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rundio, D. E., 2009. Community–habitat relationships in coastal streams in Big Sur, California, USA: travertine influences macroinvertebrate abundance and community structure. Hydrobiologia 620: 91–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, J. C., N. A. Marsh, P. M. Davies & S. E. Bunn, 2004. Effects of patchy shade on stream water temperature: how quickly do small streams heat and cool? Marine & Freshwater Research 55: 737–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S., 2008. Alterations of the global water cycle and their effects on river structure, function and services. Freshwater Reviews 1: 75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S. & K. Tockner, 2010. Effects of hydrologic alterations in the ecological quality of river ecosystems. In Sabater, S. & D. Barceló (eds), Water Scarcity in Mediterranean Areas. Springer, New York: 15–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, F., A. Butturini, E. Martí, I. Muñoz, A. Romaní, J. Wray & S. Sabater, 2000. Effects of riparian vegetation removal on nutrient retention in a Mediterranean stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19: 609–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S., T. Buchaca, J. Cambra, J. Catalan, H. Guasch, N. Ivorra, I. Muñoz, E. Navarro, M. Real & A. Romaní, 2003. Structure and function of benthic algal communities in an extremely acid river. Journal of Phycology 39: 481–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S., H. Guasch, I. Muñoz & A. Romaní, 2006. Hydrology, light and the use of organic and inorganic materials as structuring factors of biological communities in Mediterranean streams. Limnetica 25: 335–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S., M. J. Feio, M. A. S. Graça, I. Muñoz & A. Romaní, 2009. The Iberian Rivers. In Tockner, K., U. Uhlinger & C. T. Robinson (eds), Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, Amsterdam: 113–149.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater, S., J. Artigas, A. Gaudes, I. Muñoz, G. Urrea & A. M. Romaní, 2011. Long-term moderate nutrient inputs enhance autotrophy in a forested Mediterranean stream. Freshwater Biology 56: 1266–1280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, J. L. & D. M. Post, 2008. Quantifying periodic, stochastic, and catastrophic environmental variation. Ecological Monographs 78: 19–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, J. L., J. C. Finlay & D. M. Post, 2009. Food chains in freshwaters. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162: 187–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, J. L., J. C. Finlay, T. Kennedy & D. M. Post, 2010a. The role of discharge variation in scaling of drainage area and food chain length in rivers. Science 330: 965–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, J. S., T. Sinha, L. C. Bowling, G. H. W. Schoups, W. W. Wallender, M. E. Campana, K. A. Cherkauer, P. Fuller, W. L. Graf, J. W. Hopmans, J. S. Kominoski, C. Taylor, S. W. Trimble, R. H. Webb & E. E. Wohl, 2010b. Reclaiming freshwater sustainability in the Cadillac Desert. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 21256–21262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabo, J., K. Bestgen, T. Sinha, W. L. Graf & E. E. Wohl, 2012. Dams in the Cadillac Desert: downstream effects in a geomorphic context. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249: 227–246.

  • Sala, O. E., F. S. Chapin, J. J. Arnesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sannwald, L. F. Huenneke, R. B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, D. M. Lodge, H. A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N. L. Poff, M. T. Sykes, B. H. Walker, M. Walker & D. H. Wall, 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770–1774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salinas, M. J. & J. J. Casas, 2007. Riparian vegetation of two semi-arid Mediterranean rivers: basin-scale responses of woody and herbaceous plants to environmental gradients. Wetlands 27: 831–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampaio, A., R. Cortes & C. Leao, 2001. Invertebrate and microbial colonization in native and exotic leaf litter species in a mountain stream. VI. Decomposition of different leaf species. International Review of Hydrobiology 86: 527–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samways, M. J. & N. J. Sharratt, 2009. Recovery of endemic dragonflies after removal of invasive alien trees. Conservation Biology 24: 267–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samways, M. J., N. J. Sharratt & J. P. Simaika, 2011. Effect of alien riparian vegetation and its removal on a highly endemic river macroinvertebrate community. Biological Invasions 13: 1305–1324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Montoya, M. M., T. Puntí, M. L. Suárez, M. D. Vidal-Abarca, M. Rieradevall, J. J. Poquet, C. Zamora-Muñoz, S. Robles, M. Álvarez, J. Alba-Tercedor, M. Toro, A. M. Pujante, A. Munné & N. Prat, 2007. Concordance between ecotypes and macroinvertebrate assemblages in Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 52: 2240–2255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Montoya, M. M., M. R. Vidal-Abarca & M. L. Suárez, 2010. Comparing the sensitivity of diverse macroinvertebrate metrics to a multiple stressor gradient in Mediterranean streams and its influence on the assessment of ecological status. Ecological Indicators 10: 896–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Pérez, J. M., M. Gerino, S. Sauvage, P. Dumas, E. Maneux, F. Julien, P. Winterton & P. Vervier, 2009. Effects of wastewater treatment plant pollution on in-stream ecosystems functions in an agricultural watershed. International Journal of Limnology 45: 79–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, N. J. & J. K. Ruprecht, 1989. Regional analysis of stream salinisation in southwest Western Australia. Journal of Hydrology 112: 19–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seager, R., M. Ting, I. Held, Y. Kushnir, G. Vecchi, H.-P. Huang, N. Harnik, A. Leetmaa, N.-C. Lau, J. Velez & N. Naik, 2007. Model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern North America. Science 316: 1181–1184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sercu, B., L. C. Van de Werfhorst, J. L. S. Murray & P. A. Holden, 2011. Terrestrial sources homogenize bacterial water quality during rainfall in two urbanized watersheds in Santa Barbara, CA. Microbial Ecology 62: 574–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shakesby, R. A., 2011. Post-wildfire soil erosion in the Mediterranean: review and future research directions. Earth-Science Reviews 105: 71–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sickman, J. O., A. Leydecker, C. Y. Chang, C. Kendall, J. M. Melack, D. M. Lucero & J. Schimel, 2003. Mechanisms underlying export of N from high-elevation catchments during seasonal transitions. Biogeochemistry 64: 1–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti, J. A. & L. E. Cornejo. 1990. Economic and ecological changes: the prehistory of the Andean mountains of central Chile. Economic Catalysts to Ecological Changes. Working Papers, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA: 65–77.

  • Simpson, J. C., 2006. The effects of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on stream primary producer communities in southern California. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

  • Singer, G. A. & T. J. Battin, 2007. Anthropogenic subsidies alter stream consumer-resource stoichiometry, biodiversity, and food chains. Ecological Applications 17: 376–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirami, C., A. Nespoulous, J. P. Cheylan, P. Marty, G. T. Hvenegaard, P. Geniez, B. Schatz & J. L. Martin, 2010. Long-term anthropogenic and ecological dynamics of a Mediterranean landscape: impacts on multiple taxa. Landscape and Urban Planning 96: 214–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skoulikidis, N., A. Economou, K. Gritzalis & S. Zogaris, 2009. Rivers of the Balkans. In Tockner, K., U. Uhlinger & C. T. Robinson (eds), Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, Amsterdam: 421–466.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Solak, C. N. & E. Acs, 2011. Water quality monitoring in European and Turkish rivers using diatoms. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11: 329–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solimini, A. G., P. Gulia, M. Monfrinotti & G. Carchini, 2000. Performance of different biotic indices and sampling methods in assessing water quality in the lowland stretch of the Tiber River. Hydrobiologia 422(423): 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, M. Y., F. Leprieur, A. Thomas, S. Lek-Ang, T. S. Chon & S. Lek, 2009. Impact of agricultural land use on aquatic insect assemblages in the Garonne river catchment (SW France). Aquatic Ecology 43: 999–1009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sophocleous, M., 2002. Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeology Journal 10: 52–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sponseller, R. A., E. F. Benfield & H. M. Valett, 2001. Relationships between land use, spatial scale and stream macroinvertebrate communities. Freshwater Biology 46: 1409–1424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stancheva, R., A. E. Fetscher & R. G. Sheath, 2012. A novel quantification method for stream-inhabiting, non-diatom benthic algae, and its application in bioassessment. Hydrobiologia 684: 225–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, E. H. & M. W. Doyle, 2003. Trading off: the ecological effects of dam removal. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 1: 15–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. L., 2006. A continental landscape framework for systematic conservation planning for Australian rivers and streams. Ph.D. Thesis, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia [available on internet at http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49406].

  • Stevenson, R. J. & S. Sabater, 2010. Understanding global change in river ecosystems: science to support policy in a changing world. Hydrobiologia 657: 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stehr, A., M. Aguayo, O. Link, O. Parra, E. Romero & H. Alcayaga, 2010. Modelling the hydrologic response of a mesoscale Andean watershed to changes in land use patterns for environmental planning. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 1963–1977.

  • Stipinovich, A., 2005. Change in land cover and water abstraction: Modelling runoff effects in the Bot River catchment. M.A. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch. Stellenbosch, South Africa.

  • Strayer, D. L., R. E. Beighley, L. C. Thompson, S. Brooks, C. Nilsson, G. Pinay & R. J. Naiman, 2003. Effects of land cover on stream ecosystems: roles of empirical models and scaling issues. Ecosystems 6: 407–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, R. N., M. D. A. Bolland & M. P. Clarke, 2001. Effect of application of bauxite residue (red mud) to very sandy soils on subterranean clover and P response. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39: 979–990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, C. C., T. R. Haglund, M. Ruiz & R. N. Fisher, 1993. The status and distribution of freshwater fishes of southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 92: 101–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tague, C., L. Seaby & A. Hope, 2009. Modeling the eco-hydrologic response of a Mediterranean type ecosystem to the combined impacts of projected climate change and altered fire frequencies. Climatic Change 93: 137–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodoropoulos, C. & J. Iliopoulou-Georgudaki, 2010. Response of biota to land use changes and water quality degradation in two medium-sized river basins in southwestern Greece. Ecological Indicators 10: 1231–1238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timbrook, J., J. R. Johnson & D. D. Earle, 1982. Vegetation burning by the Chumash. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4: 163–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornés, E. & S. Sabater, 2010. Variable discharge alters habitat suitability for benthic algae and cyanobacteria in a forested Mediterranean stream. Marine & Freshwater Research 61: 441–450.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tornés, E., J. Cambra, J. Goma, M. Leira, R. Ortiz & S. Sabater, 2007. Indicator taxa of benthic diatom communities: a case study in Mediterranean streams. International Journal of Limnology 43: 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Towns, D. R., 1985. Limnological characteristics of a South Australian intermittent stream, Brown Hill Creek. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 821–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Towns, D. R., 1991. Ecology of leptocerid caddisfly larvae in an intermittent South Australian stream receiving eucalyptus litter. Freshwater Biology 25: 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, C. R., S. Dolédec, R. Norris, K. Peacock & C. Arbuckle, 2003. The influence of scale and geography on relationships between stream community composition and landscape variables: description and prediction. Freshwater Biology 48: 768–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, C. R., B. J. Downes, K. Peacock & C. J. Arbuckle, 2004. Scale and the detection of land-use effects on morphology, vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities of grassland streams. Freshwater Biology 49: 448–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, C. R., S. S. Uhlmann & C. D. Matthaei, 2008. Individual and combined responses of stream ecosystems to multiple stressors. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1810–1819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turgut, C., 2003. The contamination with organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River in Turkey, 2000–2001. Environment International 29: 29–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. A. & A. L. de Villiers, 2007. Amphibians. In Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity. CapeNature Scientific Services, Cape Town: 36–54.

  • Underwood, E. C., J. H. Viers, K. R. Klausmeyer, R. L. Cox & M. R. Shaw, 2009. Threats and biodiversity in the mediterranean biome. Diversity and Distributions 15: 188–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, M. C., D. K. Skelly, D. Burchsted, W. Price & S. Lowry, 2006. Stream communities across a rural–urban landscape gradient. Diversity and Distributions 12: 337–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urrea-Clos, G. 2010. Distribution of diatom communities in agricultural and mining watersheds of Southwest Spain. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.

  • Urrutia, R. B., A. Lara, R. Villalba, D. A. Christie, C. Le Quesne & A. Cuq, 2011. Multicentury tree ring reconstruction of annual streamflow for the Maule River watershed in south central Chile. Water Resources Research 47: W06527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdovinos, C., 2001. Riparian leaf litter processing by benthic macroinvertebrates in a woodland stream of central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 445–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Wouw, P., C. Echeverria, J. M. Rey-Benayas & M. Holmgren, 2011. Persistent Acacia savannas replace Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests in South America. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 1100–1108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ommen, T. D. & V. Morgan, 2010. Snowfall increase in coastal East Antarctica linked with southwest Western Australia drought. Nature Geoscience 3: 267–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verkaik, I., M. Rieradevall, S. D. Cooper, J. M. Melack, T. L. Dudley & N. Prat, 2012. Fire as a disturbance in mediterranean climate streams. Hydrobiologia, this issue.

  • Vidal, M. A., E. R. Soto & A. Veloso, 2009. Biogeography of Chilean herpetofauna: distributional patterns of species richness and endemism. Amphibia-Reptilia 30: 151–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vila-Gispert, A., E. García-Berthou & R. Moreno-Amich, 2002. Fish zonation in a Mediterranean stream: effects of human disturbances. Aquatic Science 64: 163–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Schiller, D., E. Martí, J. L. Riera & F. Sabater, 2007. Effects of nutrients and light on periphyton biomass and nitrogen uptake in Mediterranean streams with contrasting land uses. Freshwater Biology 52: 891–906.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Schiller, D., E. Martí, J. L. Riera, M. Ribot, J. C. Marks & F. Sabater, 2008. Influence of land use on stream ecosystem function in a Mediterranean catchment. Freshwater Biology 53: 2600–2621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waite, I. R., L. R. Brown, J. G. Kennen, J. T. May, T. F. Cuffney, J. L. Orlando & K. A. Jones, 2010. Comparison of watershed disturbance predictive models for stream benthic macroinvertebrates for three distinct ecoregions in western US. Ecological Indicators 10: 1125–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. S., N. B. Grimm, J. M. Briggs, C. Gries & L. Dugan, 2009. Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7: 465–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, C. J. & J. Kunapo, 2009. The importance of upland flow paths in determining urban impacts on stream ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28: 977–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, C. J., A. H. Roy, J. W. Feminella, P. D. Cottingham & P. M. Groffman, 2005. The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24: 706–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, C., M. Stewardson, J. Stein & S. Wealands, 2007. Sustainable rivers audit filters project stage 2. Report Prepared by the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia for the Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra City, Australia.

  • Walters, D. M., A. H. Roy & D. S. Leigh, 2009. Environmental indicators of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblage integrity in urbanizing watersheds. Ecological Indicators 9: 122–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., J. Lyons, P. Kanehl & R. Bannerman, 2001. Impacts of urbanization on stream habitat and fish across multiple scales. Environmental Management 28: 255–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., J. Lyons, P. Rasmussen, P. Seelbach, T. Simon, M. Wiley, P. Kanehl, E. Baker, S. Niemela & P. M. Stewart, 2003. Watershed, reach, and riparian influences on stream fish assemblages in the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60: 491–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. E. & K. M. Hendrix, 1984. California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management. UC Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W. D., R. G. Taaffe & A. J. Boulton, 1991. Longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates in two rivers subject to salinization. Hydrobiologia 210: 151–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohl, E., P. L. Angermeier, B. Bledsoe, G. M. Kondolf, L. MacDonnell, D. M. Merritt, M. A. Palmer, N. L. Poff & D. Tarboton, 2005. River restoration. Water Resources Research 41: W10301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodford, D. J., N. D. Impson, J. A. Day & R. Bills, 2010. The predatory impact of invasive alien smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu (Teleostei: Centrarchidae), on indigenous fishes in a Cape Floristic Region mountain stream. African Journal of Aquatic Science 30: 167–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. F., D. Moss, P. D. Armitage & M. T. Furse, 1984. A preliminary classification of running-water sites in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type using environmental data. Freshwater Biology 14: 221–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. G. & R. C. Bailey, 2010. Covarying patterns of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages along natural and human activity gradients: implications for bioassessment. Hydrobiologia 637: 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. G. & R. C. Bailey, 2011. Effects of taxonomic group, spatial scale and descriptor on the relationship between human activity and stream biota. Ecological Indicators 11: 759–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zogaris, S., A. N. Economou & P. Dimopoulos, 2009. Ecoregions in the southern Balkans: should their boundaries be revised? Environmental Management 43: 682–697.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

PSL thanks Paul Reich of the Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment and Andrew Boulton of East Fremantle for supplying information and comments on parts of this article. JS expresses appreciation to Steven Gaines of the Bren School of Environmental Science and Policy and Cherie Briggs of the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology for hosting his sabbatical visit to UC-Santa Barbara which provided a platform for his collaboration on this project. JMM and SDC thank Kristie Klose, Jeff Brinkman, Al Leydecker, and Blair Goodrich for assistance in the field and with analysis, and Sheila Wiseman for assistance with the figures and references. SDC thanks Carola Flores for information on Chilean prehistory. SS acknowledges the funding of SCARCE (CONSOLIDER-INGENIO CSD2009-00065) and CARBONET (CGL2011-30474-C02-01) of the Spanish Science Ministry. Funding from the US National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-9982105 and OCE-0620276) supported studies of land use effects on streams in southern California.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Scott D. Cooper & John M. Melack

  2. Australian Centre for Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia

    P. Sam Lake

  3. Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain

    Sergi Sabater

  4. Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003, Girona, Spain

    Sergi Sabater

  5. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    John L. Sabo

Authors
  1. Scott D. Cooper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Sam Lake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sergi Sabater
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John M. Melack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John L. Sabo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Scott D. Cooper.

Additional information

Guest editors: N. Bonada & V. H. Resh / Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: lessons learned from the last decade

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cooper, S.D., Lake, P.S., Sabater, S. et al. The effects of land use changes on streams and rivers in mediterranean climates. Hydrobiologia 719, 383–425 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1333-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1333-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation