Abstract
The adaptability of freshwater organisms to brackish conditions is important to understand the resilience of freshwaters to saline intrusion, a phenomenon that may affect vulnerable freshwater habitats. Bearing this in mind, this study intended to assess if there are genetically determined differences in the tolerance of stenohaline cladocerans in 21-day exposure scenarios to sodium chloride (NaCl, as a proxy for salinity). The objective was to compare the reproductive output of salinity-tolerant (brackish) versus salinity-sensitive (freshwater) Simocephalus vetulus genotypes, obtaining reaction norms for quantitative phenotypic traits (survival, fecundity, fitness). We found intra-specific (i.e., clonal) variability in the life-history responses of S. vetulus populations, but no evidence that the most resistant clones (brackish) were best suited to cope with salinity. Surprisingly, brackish genotypes were the most affected in terms of fecundity when exposed to sublethal levels of NaCl, which could be viewed as a potential trade-off mechanism. Although differences in tolerant and less tolerant genotypes were small, they may be important in genotype and species sorting in colonization or recolonization events in freshwater systems facing salinization.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aladin, N. V., 1991. Salinity tolerance and morphology of the osmoregulation organs in cladocera with special reference to cladocera from the Aral Sea. Hydrobiologia 225: 291–299.
Aladin, N. V. & W. T. W. Potts, 1995. Osmoregulatory capacity of the Cladocera. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 164: 671–683.
Alonso, M., 1996. Fauna Ibérica. Crustacea, Branquiopoda. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid.
Antunes, S. C., B. B. Castro & F. Gonçalves, 2003. Chronic responses of different clones of Daphnia longispina (field and ephippia) to different food levels. Acta Oecologica: International Journal of Ecology 24: S325–S332.
Antunes, S. C., B. B. Castro & F. Goncalves, 2004. Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane. Environmental Pollution 127: 367–375.
Arnér, M. & S. Koivisto, 1993. Effects of salinity on metabolism and life history characteristics of Daphnia magna. Hydrobiologia 259: 69–77.
ASTM, 1980. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates and amphibians. E 729-80. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Bailey, S. A., I. C. Duggan, C. D. A. Van Overdijk, T. H. Johengen, D. F. Reid & H. J. MacIsaac, 2004. Salinity tolerance of diapausing eggs of freshwater zooplankton. Freshwater Biology 49: 286–295.
Barry, M. J., J. Tibby, A. Tsitsilas, B. Mason, P. Kershaw & H. Heijnis, 2005. A long term lake-salinity record and its relationships to Daphnia populations. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 163: 1–23.
Castro, B. B., S. Consciencia & F. Gonçalves, 2007. Life history responses of Daphnia longispina to mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) kairomones. Hydrobiologia 594: 165–174.
Cousyn, C., L. De Meester, J. K. Colbourne, L. Brendonck, D. Verschuren & F. Volckaert, 2001. Rapid, local adaptation of zooplankton behavior to changes in predation pressure in the absence of neutral genetic changes. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 6256–6260.
Declerck, S. & A. Weber, 2003. Genetic differentiation in life history between Daphnia galeata populations: an adaptation to local predation regimes? Journal of Plankton Research 25: 93–102.
Gonçalves, A. M. M., B. B. Castro, M. A. Pardal & F. Gonçalves, 2007. Salinity effects on survival and life history of two freshwater cladocerans (Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina). Annales De Limnologie: International Journal of Limnology 43: 13–20.
Heine-Fuster, I., C. Vega-Retter, P. Sabat & R. Ramos-Jiliberto, 2010. Osmoregulatory and demographic responses to salinity of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia exilis. Journal of Plankton Research 32: 1405–1411.
Jeppesen, E., M. Sondergaard, E. Kanstrup, B. Petersen, R. B. Eriksen, M. Hammershoj, E. Mortensen, J. P. Jensen & A. Have, 1994. Does the impact of nutrients on the biological structure and function of brackish and freshwater lakes differ? Hydrobiologia 276: 15–30.
Loureiro, C., B. B. Castro, J. L. Pereira & F. Gonçalves, 2011. Performance of standard media in toxicological assessments with Daphnia magna: chelators and ionic composition versus metal toxicity. Ecotoxicology 20: 139–148.
Loureiro, C., B. B. Castro, M. T. Claro, A. Alves, M. A. Pedrosa & F. Gonçalves, 2012. Genetic variability in the tolerance of natural populations of Simocephalus vetulus (Müller, 1776) to lethal levels of sodium chloride. Annales de Limnologie: International Journal of Limnology 48: 95–103.
Lowe, C. D., S. J. Kemp, C. Díaz-Avalos & D. J. S. Montagnes, 2007. How does salinity tolerance influence the distributions of Brachionus plicatilis sibling species? Marine Biology 150: 377–386.
Marques, S. C., U. M. Azeiteiro, J. C. Marques, J. M. Neto & M. A. Pardal, 2006. Zooplankton and ichthyoplankton communities in a temperate estuary: spatial and temporal patterns. Journal of Plankton Research 28: 297–312.
Martínez-Jerónimo, F. & L. Martínez-Jerónimo, 2007. Chronic effect of NaCl salinity on a freshwater strain of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera): a demographic study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67: 411–416.
Meyer, J. S., C. G. Ingersoll, L. L. McDonald & M. S. Boyce, 1986. Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: jackknife vs bootstrap techniques. Ecology 67: 1156–1166.
Northcote, T. G. & K. J. Hall, 2010. Salinity regulation of zooplanktonic abundance and vertical distribution in two saline meromictic lakes in south central British Columbia. Hydrobiologia 638: 121–136.
Pennak, R. W., 1985. The fresh-water invertebrate fauna: problems and solutions for evolutionary success. American Zoologist 25: 671–688.
Santangelo, J. M., R. L. Bozelli, A. D. Rocha & F. D. Esteves, 2008. Effects of slight salinity increases on Moina micrura (Cladocera) populations: field and laboratory observations. Marine & Freshwater Research 59: 808–816.
Sarma, S. S. S., S. Nandini, J. Morales-Ventura, I. Delgado-Martínez & L. González-Valverde, 2006. Effects of NaCl salinity on the population dynamics of freshwater zooplankton (rotifers and cladocerans). Aquatic Ecology 40: 349–360.
Schallenberg, M., C. J. Hall & C. W. Burns, 2003. Consequences of climate-induced salinity increases on zooplankton abundance and diversity in coastal lakes. Marine Ecology: Progress Series 251: 181–189.
Teschner, M., 1995. Effects of salinity on the life-history and fitness of Daphnia magna: variability within and between populations. Hydrobiologia 307: 33–41.
UNESCO, 1985. The International System of Units (SI) in Oceanography. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 45 & IAPSO Publication Scientifique No. 32. UNESCO, Paris: xiii + 124 pp.
USEPA, 2002. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. EPA-821-R-02-012, 5th ed. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
Van Doorslaer, W., R. Stoks, E. Jeppesen & L. De Meester, 2007. Adaptive microevolutionary responses to simulated global warming in Simocephalus vetulus: a mesocosm study. Global Change Biology 13: 878–886.
Weber, A. & S. Declerck, 1997. Phenotypic plasticity of Daphnia life history traits in response to predator kairomones: genetic variability and evolutionary potential. Hydrobiologia 360: 89–99.
Weider, L. J. & P. D. N. Hebert, 1987. Ecological and physiological differentiation among low-arctic clones of Daphnia pulex. Ecology 68: 188–198.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) in the form of a PhD grant to Cláudia Loureiro (SFRH/BD/36333/2007) and by CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro), which financed Ana Cuco’s research grant. Bruno B. Castro is hired under the program Ciência2008 (FCT, Portugal), co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Program (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007–2013) and European Social Fund (EU). This work is part of the project Saltfree (PTDC/AAC-AMB/104532/2008), which is funded by FEDER through COMPETE-Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, by national funding from FCT.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling editor: Piet Spaak
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loureiro, C., Castro, B.B., Cuco, A.P. et al. Life-history responses of salinity-tolerant and salinity-sensitive lineages of a stenohaline cladoceran do not confirm clonal differentiation. Hydrobiologia 702, 73–82 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1308-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1308-5