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Molecular phylogeny of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida): increased taxon sampling and inclusion of the mitochondrial protein-coding gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I

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Abstract

Marine sponges of the class Hexactinellida (glass sponges) are among the most understudied groups of Porifera, and molecular approaches to investigating their evolution have only recently emerged. Although these first results appeared reliable as they largely corroborated morphology-based hypotheses, they were almost exclusively based on ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and should, therefore, be further tested with independent types of genetic data, such as protein-coding genes. To this end, we established the mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) as an additional marker, and conducted phylogenetic analyses on DNA- and amino-acid level, as well as a supermatrix analysis based on combined COI DNA and rDNA alignments. Furthermore, we increased taxon sampling compared to previous studies by adding seven additional species. The COI-based phylogenies were largely congruent with the rDNA-based phylogeny but suffered from poor bootstrap support for many nodes. However, addition of the COI sequences to the rDNA data set increased resolution of the overall molecular phylogeny. Thus, although obtaining COI sequences from glass sponges turned out to be quite challenging, this gene appears to be a valuable supplement to rDNA data for molecular evolutionary studies of this group. Some implications of our extended phylogeny for the evolution and systematics of Hexactinellida are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

Work at the Wörheide lab was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; project Wo896/5-3). The DFG is further acknowledged for funding the Deep Down Under expedition (Project Wo896/7-1; www.deepdownunder.de). During writing of this manuscript, MD was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Smithsonian Institution. Work at the Lavrov lab was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Poriferan Tree of Life project (DEB-0828783; https://www.portol.org/). Shirley Pomponi (HBOI), Sally Leys, and Jean Vacelet are acknowledged for providing additional specimens. Our warmest thanks go to the organizers of the 8th World Sponge Conference for making this great meeting possible. Allen Collins and three anonymous reviewers provided comments that led to improvement of this manuscript. Finally, we would like to thank Alexandros Stamatakis for implementing paired-sites models in his amazing program, RAxML.

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Author notes

  1. Martin Dohrmann

    Present address: Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th Street & Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC, 20560, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, LMU Munich, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Martin Dohrmann & Gert Wörheide

  2. Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Karri M. Haen & Dennis V. Lavrov

  3. GeoBio-CenterLMU, Munich, Germany

    Gert Wörheide

  4. Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology & Geology, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Gert Wörheide

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  1. Martin Dohrmann
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Correspondence to Gert Wörheide.

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Guest editors: M. Maldonado, X. Turon, M. A. Becerro & M. J. Uriz / Ancient animals, new challenges: developments in sponge research

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Dohrmann, M., Haen, K.M., Lavrov, D.V. et al. Molecular phylogeny of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida): increased taxon sampling and inclusion of the mitochondrial protein-coding gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Hydrobiologia 687, 11–20 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0727-z

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