Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) have become intensively studied phytohormones in recent years. Their role in the regulation of various development processes and stress responses have been established. The biosynthetic and signalling pathways have been gradually described in Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato, pea etc. The conserved SL production and function are supported by the identified orthologs of crucial enzymes across the plant kingdom. Using phylogenetic studies orthologs were identified in moss Physcomitrella as well as poplar tree. Extremely low concentrations of endogenous SLs, together with their instability, cause problems with their detection, even if using advanced analytical methods of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To overcome this drawback, synthetic SL analogues were prepared and widely used. The most common is rac-GR24, a racemic mixture of two enantiomers. Recently, it was discovered that rac-GR24 stimulated not only SL but also a parallel karrikin signalling pathway. To ascertain specific SL effects, mutant plants or naturally occurring SLs need to be used. Nonetheless, there is little consensus about SL application which makes it difficult to compare the results of different studies. Moreover, many analogues are being readily synthesised each year. In this review, we aimed to describe the conserved role of MAX/D/RMS genes in SL biosynthesis and signalling with attention to their orthologs in other species. We also tried to emphasise the importance of relevant experimental conditions. It is necessary to take into consideration plant species and age, duration of exposure and SL concentration. Many observed SL effects on plant physiology were found to be concentration dependent.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ASK1:
-
Arabidopsis Skp1-like
- CCD:
-
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase
- CL:
-
Carlactone
- CLA:
-
Carlactonic acid
- D14:
-
DWARF14
- D27:
-
DWARF27
- ent-:
-
Enantiomer/mirror image
- ent-2′-epi-5-DS:
-
ent-2′-epi-5-deoxystrigol
- GA:
-
Gibberellin
- HTD1:
-
HIGH-TILLERING DWARF 1
- KAR:
-
Karrikin
- KAI2:
-
KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2
- LBO:
-
LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE
- LGS1:
-
LOW GERMINATION STIMULANT 1
- LR:
-
Lateral root
- LRR:
-
Leucine-rich repeats
- MAX1/2/3/4:
-
MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 1/2/3/4
- ORE9:
-
ORESARA 9
- PR:
-
Primary root
- rac-GR24:
-
Racemic GR24
- RMS1:
-
RAMOSUS 1
- SL:
-
Strigolactone
- SMXL6/7/8:
-
SMAX1-LIKE 6/7/8
- TF:
-
Transcription factor
- 4DO:
-
4-Deoxyorobanchol
- 5DS:
-
5-Deoxystrigol
References
Abe S, Sado A, Tanaka K, Kisugi T, Asami K, Ota S et al (2014) Carlactone is converted to carlactonoic acid by MAX1 in Arabidopsis and its methyl ester can directly interact with AtD14 in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(50):18084–18089. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410801111
Abuauf H, Haider I, Jia KP, Ablazov A, Mi J, Blilou I, Al-Babili S (2018) The Arabidopsis DWARF27 gene encodes an all-trans-/9-cis-β-carotene isomerase and is induced by auxin, abscisic acid and phosphate deficiency. Plant Sci 277:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.024
Alder A, Jamil M, Marzorati M, Bruno M, Vermathen M, Bigler P, Al-Babili S (2012) The path from β-carotene to carlactone, a strigolactone-like plant hormone. Science 335(6074):1348–1351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218094
Arite T, Iwata H, Ohshima K, Maekawa M, Nakajima M, Kojima M (2007) DWARF10, an RMS1/MAX4/DAD1 ortholog, controls lateral bud outgrowth in ricebud outgrowth in rice. Plant J 51:1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03210.x
Arite T, Umehara M, Ishikawa S, Hanada A, Maekawa M, Yamaguchi S, Kyozuka J (2009) D14, a strigolactone-Insensitive mutant of rice, shows an accelerated outgrowth of tillers. Plant Cell Physiol 50(8):1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcp091
Bennett T, Liang Y, Seale M, Ward S, Müller D, Leyser O (2016) Strigolactone regulates shoot development through a core signalling pathway. Biol Open 5:1806–1820. https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.021402
Beveridge CA, Johnson X, Brcich T, Dun EA, Goussot M, Haurogne K, Rameau C (2006) Branching genes are conserved across species. Genes controlling a novel signal in pea are coregulated by other long-distance signals. Plant Physiol 142:1014–1026. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.087676
Booker J, Auldridge M, Wills S, Mccarty D, Klee H, Leyser O (2004) MAX3/CCD7 is a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase required for the synthesis of a novel plant signaling molecule. Curr Biol 14:1232–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.061
Booker J, Sieberer T, Wright W, Williamson L, Willett B, Stirnberg P et al (2005) MAX1 encodes a cytochrome P450 family member that acts downstream of MAX3/4 to produce a carotenoid-derived branch-inhibiting hormone. Dev Cell 8(3):443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.01.009
Brewer PB, Yoneyama K, Filardo F, Meyers E, Scaffidi A, Frickey T et al (2016) LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE acts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(22):6301–6306. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601729113
Butt H, Jamil M, Wang JY, Al-babili S, Mahfouz M (2018) Engineering plant architecture via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated alteration of strigolactone biosynthesis. BMC Plant Biol 18(174):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1387-1
Charnikhova TV, Gaus K, Lumbroso A, Sanders M, Vincken JP, De Mesmaeker A et al (2017) Zealactones. Novel natural strigolactones from maize. Phytochemistry 137:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.010
Cook CE, Whichard LP, Monroe Wall E, Egley GH, Coggon P, Luhan PA, McPhail AT (1972) Germination stimulants. II. Structure of strigol, a potent seed germination stimulant for witchweed Striga lutea. J Am Chem Soc 94(17):6198–6199. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00772a048
Czarnecki O, Yang J, Wang X, Wang S, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Chen JG (2014) Characterization of MORE AXILLARY GROWTH genes in Populus. PLoS ONE 9(7):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102757
De Cuyper C, Fromentin J, Yocgo RE, De Keyser A, Guillotin B, Kunert K et al (2015) From lateral root density to nodule number, the strigolactone analogue GR24 shapes the root architecture of Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot 66(1):137–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru404
De Cuyper C, Struk S, Braem L, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Goormachtig S (2017) Strigolactones, karrikins and beyond. Plant Cell Environ 40(9):1691–1703. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12996
Decker EL, Alder A, Hunn S, Ferguson J, Lehtonen MT, Scheler B et al (2017) Strigolactone biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved, regulated by phosphate starvation and contributes to resistance against phytopathogenic fungi in a moss, Physcomitrella patens. New Phytol 4:455–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14506
Dierck R, Leus L, Dhooghe E, van Huylenbroeck J, de Riek J, van der Straeten D, de Keyser E (2018) Branching gene expression during chrysanthemum axillary bud outgrowth regulated by strigolactone and auxin transport. Plant Growth Regul 86(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0408-2
Foo E, Turnbull CGN, Beveridge CA (2001) Long-distance signaling and the control of branching in the rms1 mutant of pea 1. Plant Physiol 126:203–209
Gobena D, Shimels M, Rich PJ, Ruyter-spira C, Bouwmeester H, Kanuganti S (2017) Mutation in sorghum LOW GERMINATION STIMULANT 1 alters strigolactones and causes Striga resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(17):4471–4476. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618965114
Gomez-Roldan V, Fermas S, Brewer PB, Puech-Pagès V, Dun EA, Pillot JP, Bouwmeester H (2008) Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Nature 455(7210):189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07271
Haider I, Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Lammers M, Pollina T, To P et al (2012) The tomato CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (SlCCD8) regulates rhizosphere signaling, plant architecture and affects reproductive development through strigolactone biosynthesis. New Phytol 8:535–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04265.x
Halouzka R, Tarkowski P, Zwanenburg B, Ćavar Zeljković S (2018) Stability of strigolactone analog GR24 toward nucleophiles. Pest Manag Sci 74(4):896–904. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4782
Hamiaux C, Drummond RSM, Janssen BJ, Ledger SE, Cooney JM, Newcomb RD, Snowden KC (2012) DAD2 Is an a/b hydrolase likely to be involved in the perception of the plant branching hormone, strigolactone. Curr Biol 22(21):2032–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.007
Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2015) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Development 157(6):1262–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010
Ishikawa S, Maekawa M, Arite T, Onishi K, Takamure I, Kyozuka J (2005) Suppression of tiller bud activity in tillering dwarf mutants of rice. Plant Cell Biol 46(1):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pci022
Jia KP, Luo Q, He SB, Lu XD, Yang HQ (2014) Strigolactone-regulated hypocotyl elongation is dependent on cryptochrome and phytochrome signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 7(3):528–540. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sst093
Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, Bours R, Ráez JAL, Bouwmeester H (2013) Tomato strigolactones. A more detailed look. Plant Behav Signal 8(e22785):125–130. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.22785
Kretzschmar T, Kohlen W, Sasse J, Borghi L, Schlegel M, Bachelier JB et al (2012) A petunia ABC protein controls strigolactone-dependent symbiotic signalling and branching. Nature 483(7389):341–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10873
Lin H, Wang R, Qian Q, Yan M, Meng X, Fu Z et al (2009) DWARF27, an iron-containing protein required for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, regulates rice tiller bud outgrowth. Plant Cell 21(5):1512–1525. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.109.065987
Lopez-Obando M, De Villiers R, Hoffmann B, Ma L, de Saint Germain A, Kossmann J et al (2018) Physcomitrella patens MAX2 characterization suggests an ancient role for this F-box protein in photomorphogenesis rather than strigolactone signalling. New Phytol 3:743–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15214
López-Ráez JA, Charnikhova T, Gómez-roldán V, Matusova R, Kohlen W, De Vos R, Bouwmeester H (2008) Tomato strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis is promoted by phosphate starvation. New Phytol 178:863–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02406.x
Mach J (2015) Strigolactones regulate plant growth in Arabidopsis via degradation of the DWARF53-Like proteins SMXL6, 7, and 8. Plant Cell 27(11):3022–3023. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00950
Marzec M (2016) Strigolactones as part of the plant defence system. Trends Plant Sci 21(11):900–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.010
Marzec M (2017) Strigolactones and gibberellins: a new couple in the phytohormone world? Trends Plant Sci 22(10):813–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.001
Marzec M, Melzer M (2018) Regulation of root development and architecture by strigolactones under optimal and nutrient deficiency conditions. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071887
Mashiguchi K, Lee HJ, Seto Y, Yamaguchi S, Chory J, Mashiguchi K et al (2019) Structural basis of karrikin and non-natural strigolactone perception in Physcomitrella patens. Cell Rep 26:855–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.003
Matusova R (2005) The strigolactone germination stimulants of the plant-parasitic Striga and Orobanche spp. are derived from the carotenoid pathway. Plant Physiol 139(2):920–934. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.061382
Mayzlish-Gati E, De-Cuyper C, Goormachtig S, Beeckman T, Vuylsteke M, Brewer PB et al (2012) Strigolactones are involved in root response to low phosphate conditions in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 160(3):1329–1341. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.202358
Mishra S, Upadhyay S, Shukla RK (2017) The role of strigolactones and their potential cross-talk under hostile ecological conditions in plants. Front Physiol 7:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00691
Nakamura H, Xue YL, Miyakawa T, Hou F, Qin HM, Fukui K et al (2013) Molecular mechanism of strigolactone perception by DWARF14. Nat Commun 4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3613
Nakamura H, Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa T, Kikuzato K, Hu W, Xu Y et al (2019) Triazole ureas covalently bind to strigolactone receptor and antagonize strigolactone responses. Mol Plant 12(1):44–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.006
Nelson DR, Schuler MA, Paquette SM, Werck-reichhart D, Bak S (2004) Comparative genomics of rice and Arabidopsis. Analysis of 727 cytochrome P450 genes and pseudogenes from a monocot and a dicot. Plant Physiol 135:756–772. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.039826.2004
Pandey A, Sharma M, Pandey GK (2016) Emerging roles of strigolactones in plant responses to stress and development. Front Plant Sci 7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00434
Prerostova S, Kramna B, Dobrev PI, Gaudinova A, Marsik P, Fiala R et al (2018) Organ–specific hormonal cross-talk in phosphate deficiency. Environ Exp Bot 153:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.05.020
Proust H, Hoffmann B, Xie X, Yoneyama K, Schaefer DG, Yoneyama K et al (2011) Strigolactones regulate protonema branching and act as a quorum sensing-like signal in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Development 1539:1531–1539. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.058495
Ruyter-Spira C, Kohlen W, Charnikhova T, van Zeijl A, van Bezouwen L, de Ruijter N et al (2011) Physiological effects of the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24 on root system architecture in Arabidopsis: another belowground role for strigolactones? Plant Physiol 155(2):721–734. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.166645
Samodelov SL, Beyer HM, Guo X, Augustin M, Jia KP, Baz L et al (2016) Strigoquant: a genetically encoded biosensor for quantifying Strigolactone activity and specificity. Sci Adv 2(11):1. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601266
Scaffidi A, Waters MT, Sun YK, Skelton BW, Dixon KW, Ghisalberti EL et al (2014) Strigolactone hormones and their stereoisomers signal through two related receptor proteins to induce different physiological responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 165(3):1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.240036
Schwartz SH, Qin X, Loewen MC (2004) The biochemical characterization of two carotenoid cleavage enzymes from Arabidopsis indicates that a carotenoid-derived compound inhibits lateral branching. J Biol Chem 279(45):46940–46945. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409004200
Seto Y, Yamaguchi S (2014) Strigolactone biosynthesis and perception. Curr Opin Plant Biol 21:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2014.06.001
Seto Y, Sado A, Asami K, Hanada A, Umehara M, Akiyama K, Yamaguchi S (2014) Carlactone is an endogenous biosynthetic precursor for strigolactones. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(4):1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314805111
Seto Y, Yasui R, Kameoka H, Tamiru M, Cao M, Terauchi R et al (2019) Strigolactone perception and deactivation by a hydrolase receptor DWARF14. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08124-7
Shahul Hameed U, Haider I, Jamil M, Kountche BA, Guo X, Zarban RA et al (2018) Structural basis for specific inhibition of the highly sensitive receptor. EMBO Rep 19:e45619. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201745619
Snowden KC, Simkin AJ, Janssen BJ, Templeton KR, Loucas HM, Simons JL et al (2005) The decreased apical dominance1/Petunia hybrida CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 gene affects branch production and plays a role in leaf senescence, root growth, and flower development. Plant Cell 17:746–759. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.027714.diversity
Sorefan K, Booker J, Haurogne K, Goussot M, Bainbridge K, Foo E et al (2003) MAX4 and RMS1 are orthologous dioxygenase-like genes that regulate shoot branching in Arabidopsis and pea. Genes Dev 17:1469–1474. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.256603
Soundappan I, Bennett T, Morffy N, Liang Y, Stanga JP, Abbas A et al (2015) SMAX1-LIKE/D53 family members enable distinct MAX2-dependent responses to strigolactones and karrikins in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14(11):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00562
Stirnberg P, Van De Sande K, Leyser HMO (2002) MAX1 and MAX2 control shoot lateral branching in Arabidopsis. Development 129(1141):1131–1141
Sun H, Tao J, Hou M, Huang S, Chen S, Liang Z et al (2015) A strigolactone signal is required for adventitious root formation in rice. Ann Bot 115(7):1155–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv052
Toh S, Kamiya Y, Kawakami N, Nambara E, McCourt P, Tsuchiya Y (2011) Thermoinhibition uncovers a role for strigolactones in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Cell Physiol 53(1):107–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr176
Ueda H, Kusaba M (2015) Strigolactone regulates leaf senescence in concert with ethylene in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 169(1):138–147. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00325
Umehara M, Hanada A, Yoshida S, Akiyama K, Arite T, Takeda-Kamiya N, Kyozuka J (2008) Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. Nature 455(7210):195. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07272
Vallabhaneni R, Bradbury LMT, Wurtzel ET (2011) The carotenoid dioxygenase gene family in maize, sorghum, and rice. Arch Biochem Biophys 504(1):104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.019
Vismans G, van der Meer T, Langevoort O, Schreuder M, Bouwmeester H, Peisker H et al (2016) Low-phosphate induction of plastidal stromules is dependent on strigolactones but not on the canonical strigolactone signaling component MAX2. Plant Physiol 172(4):2235–2244. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01146
Vogel JT, Walter MH, Giavalisco P, Lytovchenko A, Kohlen W, Charnikhova T et al (2010) SlCCD7 controls strigolactone biosynthesis, shoot branching and mycorrhiza-induced apocarotenoid formation in tomato. Plant J 61:300–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04056.x
Wallner ES, López-Salmerón V, Belevich I, Poschet G, Jung I, Grünwald K et al (2017) Strigolactone- and karrikin-independent SMXL proteins are central regulators of phloem formation. Curr Biol 27(8):1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.014
Walton A, Stes E, Goeminne G, Braem L, Vuylsteke M, Matthys C et al (2016) The response of the root proteome to the synthetic strigolactone GR24 in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell Proteom 15(8):2744–2755. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M115.050062
Wang Y, Bouwmeester HJ (2018) Structural diversity in the strigolactones. J Exp Bot 69(9):2219–2230. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery091
Wang L, Wang B, Jiang L, Liu X, Li X, Lu Z et al (2015) Strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis regulates shoot development by targeting D53-Like SMXL repressor proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. Plant Cell 27:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00605
Waters MT, Brewer PB, Bussell JD, Smith SM, Beveridge CA (2012a) The Arabidopsis ortholog of rice DWARF27 acts upstream of MAX1 in the control of plant development by strigolactones. Plant Physiol 159(3):1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.196253
Waters MT, Nelson DC, Scaffidi A, Flematti GR, Sun YK, Dixon KW, Smith SM (2012b) Specialisation within the DWARF14 protein family confers distinct responses to karrikins and strigolactones in Arabidopsis. Development 139(7):1285–1295. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.074567
Woo HR, Chung KM, Park J, Oh SA, Ahn T, Hong SH et al (2001) ORE9, an F-Box protein that regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13:1779–1790
Xie X, Yoneyama K, Kisugi T, Uchida K, Ito S, Akiyama K et al (2013) Confirming stereochemical structures of strigolactones produced by rice and tobacco. Mol Plant 6(1):153–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss139
Yokota T, Sakai H, Okuno K, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y (1998) Alectrol and orobanchol, germination stimulants for Orobanche minor, from its host red clover. Phytochemistry 49(7):1967–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00419-1
Yoneyama K, Mori N, Sato T, Yoda A, Xie X, Okamoto M et al (2018a) Conversion of carlactone to carlactonoic acid is a conserved function of MAX1 homologs in strigolactone biosynthesis. New Phytol 218(4):1522–1533. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15055
Yoneyama K, Xie X, Yoneyama K, Kisugi T, Nomura T (2018b) Which are the major players, canonical or non-canonical strigolactones? J Exp Bot 69(9):2231–2239. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery090
Zhan Y, Qu Y, Zhu L, Shen C, Feng X, Yu C (2018) Transcriptome analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) shoots reveals a crosstalk between auxin and strigolactone. PLoS ONE 13(7):e0201124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201124
Zhang Y, van Dijk ADJ, Scaffidi A, Flematti GR, Hofmann M, Charnikhova T et al (2014) Rice cytochrome P450 MAX1 homologs catalyze distinct steps in strigolactone biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 10(12):1028–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1660
Zhang Y, Cheng X, Wang Y, Díez-Simón C, Flokova K, Bimbo A et al (2018) The tomato MAX1 homolog, SlMAX1, is involved in the biosynthesis of tomato strigolactones from carlactone. New Phytol 219(1):297–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15131
Zheng K, Wang X, Weighill DA, Guo H, Xie M, Yang Y et al (2016) Characterization of DWARF14 genes in Populus. Sci Rep 6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21593
Zou J, Zhang S, Zhang W, Li G, Chen Z, Zhai W, Zhao X (2006) The rice HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1 encoding an ortholog of Arabidopsis MAX3 is required for negative regulation of the outgrowth of axillary bud. Plant J 48:687–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02916.x
Zwanenburg B (2016) Strigolactones: new plant hormones in action. Planta 243:1311–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2455-5
Zwanenburg B, Pospíšil T (2013) Structure and activity of strigolactones: new plant hormones with a rich future. Mol Plant 6(1):38–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss141
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the Charles University, project GA UK (Grant No. 1086217) and by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR from the European Regional Development Fund-Project “Centre for Experimental Plant Biology”: Grant No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000738. The corresponding author would also like to thank Adam Zupko for huge support and trust.
Funding
The study was funded by the Charles University, project GA UK (Grant No. 1086217); Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University. The work was also supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR from European Regional Development Fund-Project “Centre for Experimental Plant Biology”: grant number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000738
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kramna, B., Prerostova, S. & Vankova, R. Strigolactones in an experimental context. Plant Growth Regul 88, 113–128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-019-00502-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-019-00502-5