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Aluminum-induced high IAA concentration may explain the Al susceptibility in Citrus limonia

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Abstract

In acidic soils (pH < 5.0), aluminum (Al) occurs as Al3+, which is phytotoxic and reduces the root growth by hormonal imbalance and/or cell wall rigidity. However, the explanations for the decrease in root growth are not clear. A 60-day study was held with ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia) plants grown in nutrient solution containing 0 and 1480 µM Al. We measured plant biometric data and used root apices to analyze auxin (IAA), the expression of some Al-responsive genes that had been differentially expressed in a transcriptome analysis and anatomical profiles. We found up-regulated expression of multidrug and toxic compound exudation (Cl-MATE channel), citrate synthase (Cl-CS) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (Cl-PMEI) genes, but while Cl-PMEI expression was increased after 7 days, Cl-CS and Cl-MATE were up-regulated only after 60 days, suggesting that the timing of these events was ineffective against Al. These results could be associated with the Al-induced decrease in root growth and anatomical root damage. In addition, genes related to IAA cell transport were not differentially expressed in the transcriptome analysis. Therefore, high IAA and up-regulation of auxin-related small RNAs suggest Al-induced high IAA concentration rather than Al-induced disruption in IAA distribution in root cells of this species.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financial support (474169/2013-8 grant to GH), for an undergraduate scholarship to M.F. Cavalheiro and for research fellowships granted to G. Habermann (Grant 309149/2017-7) and E. Purgatto (Grant 305458/2013-2). We extend acknowledgments to the São Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp) for PhD scholarships granted to C.M.S. da Silva (Fapesp #2013/11370-3), A.C.G. Bressan (Fapesp #2014/14386-0), a MSc scholarship to B.M.O. Carvalho (Fapesp #2016/14216-3) and a grant to E. Purgatto (Fapesp #2013/07914-8), and also to the Coordination for Improvement of Graduate Personnel (Capes) for a PhD scholarship granted to O.F.A.A. Banhos. We thank the Sanicitrus Nursery (Araras, São Paulo state, Brazil) for providing us with the ‘Rangpur’ lime plants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil

    Carolina M. S. Silva, Mariana F. Cavalheiro, Anna C. G. Bressan, Brenda M. O. Carvalho & Otavia F. A. A. Banhos

  2. Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental/NAPAN/FoRC-Food Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, bl 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil

    Eduardo Purgatto

  3. Centro de P&D de Sanidade Vegetal, Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro R. Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil

    Ricardo Harakava

  4. Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiróz” - Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ-USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil

    Francisco A. O. Tanaka

  5. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil

    Gustavo Habermann

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  1. Carolina M. S. Silva
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  2. Mariana F. Cavalheiro
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Silva, C.M.S., Cavalheiro, M.F., Bressan, A.C.G. et al. Aluminum-induced high IAA concentration may explain the Al susceptibility in Citrus limonia. Plant Growth Regul 87, 123–137 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0458-5

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