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Extreme gravity tests with gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences: (II) ringdown

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Abstract

The LIGO/Virgo detections of binary black hole mergers marked a watershed moment in astronomy, ushering in the era of precision tests of Kerr dynamics. We review theoretical and experimental challenges that must be overcome to carry out black hole spectroscopy with present and future gravitational wave detectors. Among other topics, we discuss quasinormal mode excitation in binary mergers, astrophysical event rates, tests of black hole dynamics in modified theories of gravity, parameterized “post-Kerr” ringdown tests, exotic compact objects, and proposed data analysis methods to improve spectroscopic tests of Kerr dynamics by stacking multiple events.

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Notes

  1. More precisely, the Green’s function describing the response of the BH to generic perturbations: see e.g. [3].

  2. The quasinormal modes of Kerr-Newman black holes are studied in [23,24,25,26,27].

  3. The QNM spectrum of Kerr BHs is a fascinating topic on its own. For the interested reader, modes with large imaginary part (which damp very quickly, and therefore are not of interest for GW astronomy) were studied in [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74]. The QNM spectrum in the near-extremal limit \(j\rightarrow 1\) was investigated in [75,76,77,78,79,80], revealing an interesting branching of QNM frequencies and deep connections with the horizon instability of extremal BHs discovered by Aretakis [81]. Recent work using high-precision spectral techniques [82] shed light on the nature of pure-imaginary frequencies (the so-called “algebraically special” modes), that were first introduced by Chandrasekhar [83,84,85,86].

  4. For simplicity, here we ignore the fact that estimating mass and spin with single-mode templates results in systematic errors if the SNR of the second mode is large enough [44].

  5. These “trapped modes” were introduced by Chandrasekhar, Ferrari, Kokkotas and Schutz in their work on axial perturbations of compact objects, and called s-modes or w-modes: see e.g. [247,248,249,250,251].

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Acknowledgements

E.B. would like to thank Vishal Baibhav, Enrico Barausse, Krzysztof Belczynski, Vitor Cardoso and Alberto Sesana, while K.Y., H. Y. and N.Y. would like to thank Frans Pretorius, Luis Lehner and Vasileios Paschalidis for collaboration on some of the work reviewed in this paper. E.B. was supported by NSF Grants No. PHY-1607130 and AST-1716715. N.Y acknowledges support through the NSF CAREER grant PHY-1250636 and NASA grants NNX16AB98G and 80NSSC17M0041. K.Y. would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST Action GWverse CA16104.

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This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Testing the Kerr spacetime with gravitational-wave and electromagnetic observations.

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Berti, E., Yagi, K., Yang, H. et al. Extreme gravity tests with gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences: (II) ringdown. Gen Relativ Gravit 50, 49 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-018-2372-6

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