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Lightning Discharges, Cosmic Rays and Climate

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Abstract

The entirety of the Earth’s climate system is continuously bombarded by cosmic rays and exhibits about 2000 thunderstorms active at any time of the day all over the globe. Any linkage among these vast systems should have global consequences. Numerous studies done in the past deal with partial links between some selected aspects of this grand linkage. Results of these studies vary from weakly to strongly significant and are not yet complete enough to justify the physical mechanism proposed to explain such links. This review is aimed at presenting the current understanding, based on the past studies on the link between cosmic ray, lightning and climate. The deficiencies in some proposed links are pointed out. Impacts of cosmic rays on engineering systems and the possible effects of cosmic rays on human health are also briefly discussed. Also enumerated are some problems for future work which may help in developing the grand linkage among these three vast systems.

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Fig. 1

(Modified, after Harrison 2004)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

(After Splitt et al. 2010)

Fig. 4

(Source: Image courtesy NASA, Dwyer and Uman 2014)

Fig. 5

(Reproduced with permission from Sato 2016)

Fig. 6

(Reproduced with permission from Reitz 1993)

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported under the collaboration program of IITM, Pune, and BHU, Varanasi. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune is funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). AKK acknowledges the support under the INSA Honorary Scientist Program. The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions which helped to improve the paper.

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  1. Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221105, India

    Sanjay Kumar, R. P. Singh & A. K. Singh

  2. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India

    Devendraa Siingh & A. K. Kamra

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Kumar, S., Siingh, D., Singh, R.P. et al. Lightning Discharges, Cosmic Rays and Climate. Surv Geophys 39, 861–899 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9469-z

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