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Adaptive microclimatic evolution of the dehydrin 6 gene in wild barley at “Evolution Canyon”, Israel

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Abstract

Dehydrins are one of the major stress-induced gene families, and the expression of dehydrin 6 (Dhn6) is strictly related to drought in barley. In order to investigate how the evolution of the Dhn6 gene is associated with adaptation to environmental changes, we examined 48 genotypes of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, from “Evolution Canyon” at Mount Carmel, Israel. The Dhn6 sequences of the 48 genotypes were identified, and a recent insertion of 342 bp at 5′UTR was found in the sequences of 11 genotypes. Both nucleotide and haplotype diversity of single nucleotide polymorphism in Dhn6 coding regions were higher on the AS (“African” slope or dry slope) than on the ES (“European” slope or humid slope), and the applied Tajima D and Fu-Li test rejected neutrality of SNP diversity. Expression analysis indicated that the 342 bp insertion at 5′UTR was associated with the earlier up-regulation of Dhn6 after dehydration. The genetic divergence of amino acids sequences indicated significant positive selection of Dhn6 among the wild barley populations. The diversity of Dhn6 in microclimatic divergence slopes suggested that Dhn6 has been subjected to natural selection and adaptively associated with drought resistance of wild barley at “Evolution Canyon”.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171542), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant NCET-06-0810 from the Chinese Ministry of Education, the Israel Discount Bank Chair of Evolutionary Biology, and the Ancell-Teicher Research Foundation for Molecular Genetics and Evolution. The authors thank Mrs. Robin Barasch-Permut for editing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China

    Zujun Yang, Tao Zhang & Guangrong Li

  2. Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel

    Eviatar Nevo

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  1. Zujun Yang
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  2. Tao Zhang
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  3. Guangrong Li
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  4. Eviatar Nevo
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Correspondence to Zujun Yang.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOC 52 kb)

10709_2012_9641_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Figure S1. “Evolution Canyon” I, Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel. Note the plant formation on opposite slopes. The green lush, “European”, temperate, and cool-mesic north-facing slope (NFS) sharply contrasts the NFS with the open park forest of warm-xeric, tropical, and “African”-savannoid south-facing slope (SFS): (a) “cross section” view (b) air view with the seven assigned stations (TIFF 1987 kb)

10709_2012_9641_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Figure S2. DNA conservation along the Dhn6 alignment sequence of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum. The conservation is measured by Kullback–Leibler information content (TIFF 130 kb)

10709_2012_9641_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Figure S3. Dendrogram of the genetic relationships of 48 genotypes of wild barley from seven populations representing the AS, ES, and VB in “Evolution Canyon” I, Israel. These genotypes were obtained from the Dhn6 alignment sequence, calculated nucleotide diversity (p-distance) values (see scale), using the NJ method from bootstrap analysis (1000 replicates). The stars showed sequences with 342bp insertion (TIFF 128 kb)

10709_2012_9641_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Figure S4. The amino acid sequences translated from Dhn6 N-terminal region and alignment by Clustal X. The locations of predicted Y-segments are boxed, and the repetitive φ-segments are underlined (TIFF 1148 kb)

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Yang, Z., Zhang, T., Li, G. et al. Adaptive microclimatic evolution of the dehydrin 6 gene in wild barley at “Evolution Canyon”, Israel. Genetica 139, 1429–1438 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-012-9641-1

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