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All about water and land? Resource-related conflicts in East and West Africa revisited

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Abstract

Recent years have seen an upsurge in the numbers of studies investigating the potential link between climate variability and conflict—and particularly so quantitative studies of this relationship—without reaching any consensus on causal pathways or main findings. This study sets out to explore what the main causes of conflict between resource-user groups in arid and semi-arid areas in Sub-Saharan Africa are, with a particular focus on renewable-resource scarcity. We conduct a comparative analysis of eleven high-quality case studies of the escalation into violence of disputes between pastoralists and farmers or pastoralists in the Western Sahel and East Africa. This enables us to identify the mechanisms underpinning the actors’ motivations. Our analysis shows that the nature of these conflicts is complex. They cannot be reduced to a stimulus (resource scarcity)–response (violence) relationship. We find that drought is a contributing factor in four of the conflicts, and that a poor rainy season plays a role in a fifth one. However, resource scarcity is never the most important cause and it does not explain well the differences in conflict intensity. The most important contributor to explaining different levels of intensity is when local autochthonous and exclusionary claims are coupled with national-level political processes.

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Notes

  1. Ide (2015) also analyzes escalatory processes. In contrast to this study he includes distributional aspects in the notion of resource scarcity.

  2. Population pressure could be another cause of scarcity. Scanty data limits our investigation of resource scarcity to drought.

  3. This is the case for the Katiali, Turbi, and Gala’lu cases. For the Loita case, we chose the point in time when the conflict definitely got politicized.

  4. The primary account is based on Ole Siloma and Zaal (2005) supplemented by the two other studies.

  5. This account is supplemented by information from Martin (2012).

  6. This is arguably the case in the long-term Afar–Ise struggle as well with the Afar launching autochthonous claims.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Hanne Seter & Ole Magnus Theisen

  2. Peace Research Institute Oslo, Hausmanns Gate 3, 0186, Oslo, Norway

    Hanne Seter & Ole Magnus Theisen

  3. University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Landau, Germany

    Janpeter Schilling

  4. University of Hamburg, CLISEC, Hamburg, Germany

    Janpeter Schilling

  5. International Alert, London, UK

    Janpeter Schilling

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  1. Hanne Seter
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  2. Ole Magnus Theisen
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Correspondence to Hanne Seter.

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Seter, H., Theisen, O.M. & Schilling, J. All about water and land? Resource-related conflicts in East and West Africa revisited. GeoJournal 83, 169–187 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9762-7

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