Abstract
Due to the enormous penetration of connected computing devices with diverse sensing and localization capabilities, a good fraction of an individual’s activities, locations, and social connections can be sensed and spatially pinpointed. We see significant potential to advance the field of personal activity sensing and tracking beyond its current state of simple activities, at the same time linking activities geospatially. We investigate the detection of sentiment from environmental, on-body and smartphone sensors and propose an affect map as an interface to accumulate and interpret data about emotion and mood from diverse set of sensing sources. In this paper, we first survey existing work on affect sensing and geospatial systems, before presenting a taxonomy of large-scale affect sensing. We discuss model relationships among human emotions and geo-spaces using networks, apply clustering algorithms to the networks and visualize clusters on a map considering space, time and mobility. For the recognition of emotion and mood, we report from two studies exploiting environmental and on-body sensors. Thereafter, we propose a framework for large-scale affect sensing and discuss challenges and open issues for future work.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Already a naive calculation of, for instance, 10 sensors with a typical 40Hz sampling rate (simple estimation with 1Byte/sample) will result in about 1.5M B/hour/individual which is not manageable when aggregated from multiple subjects on mobile and on-body devices.
References
Abdelnasser H, Youssef M, Harras KA (2015) WiGest: A Ubiquitous WiFi-based Gesture Recognition System. ArXiv e-prints
Adib F, Katabi D (2013) See through Walls with Wifi!. SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 43(4):75–86
Nguyen A-T, Chen W, Rauterberg M (2012) The role of human body expression in affect detection: A review. In: 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction (APCHI 2012)
Ark WS, Dryer DC, Lu DJ (1999) The emotion mouse. In: HCI (1), pp 818–823
Bachmann A, Klebsattel C, Budde M, Riedel T, Beigl M, Reichert M, Santangelo P, Ebner-Priemer U (2015) How to use smartphones for less obtrusive ambulatory mood assessment and mood recognition. In: Adjunct Proceedings of Ubicomp’15. ACM, pp 693–702
Bachmann A, Klebsattel C, Schankin A, Riedel T, Beigl M, Reichert M, Santangelo P, Ebner-Priemer U (2015) Leveraging smartwatches for unobtrusive mobile ambulatory mood assessment. In: Adjunct Proceedings of Ubicomp’15. ACM, pp 1057–1062
Bao X, Fan S, Varshavsky A, Li K, Roy Choudhury R (2013) Your reactions suggest you liked the movie: Automatic content rating via reaction sensing. In: UbiComp
Jackson B, Brennis L-W (2000) The pupillary system. Cambridge University Press, pp 142–162
Beedie CJ, Terry PC, Lane AM, Devonport TJ (2011) Differential assessment of emotions and moods: Development and validation of the emotion and mood components of anxiety questionnaire. Personal Individ Differ 50(2):228–233
Bideaux A, Anastasopoulou P, Hey S, Canadas A, Fernandez A (2014) Mobile monitoring of epileptic patients using a reconfigurable cyberphysical system that handles multi-parametric data acquisition and analysis. In: 2014 EAI 4th International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare (Mobihealth). IEEE, pp 377–380
Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1994) Measuring Emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 25(1):49–59
Burgoon JK, Guerrero LK, Floyd K (2010) Nonverbal communication. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA
Calvo MG, Lang PJ (2004) Gaze patterns when looking at emotional pictures: Motivationally biased attention. Motiv Emot 28(3):221–243
Cambria E, Schuller B, Xia Y, Havasi C (2013) New avenues in opinion mining and sentiment analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp. 1
Canzian L, Musolesi M (2015) Trajectories of depression: Unobtrusive monitoring of depressive states by means of smartphone mobility traces analysis. International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, pp 1293–1304
Cardone G, Cirri A, Corradi A, Foschini L, Ianniello R, Montanari R (2014) Crowdsensing in urban areas for city-scale mass gathering management: Geofencing and activity recognition. Sensors pp. 4185–4195
Chen M, Gonzalez S, Vasilakos A, Cao H, Leung VC (2011) Body area networks: A survey. Mob Netw Appl 16(2):171–193
Coan JA, Allen JJ (2007) Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Oxford University Press
Collet C, Vernet-Maury E, Delhomme G, Dittmar A (1997) Autonomic nervous system response patterns specificity to basic emotions. J Autonom Nerv Syst 62(1-2):45–57
Coviello L, Sohn Y, Kramer ADI, Marlow C, Franceschetti M, Christakis NA, Fowler JH Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. PLoS ONE (2014). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
Crane E, Gross M (2007) Motion capture and emotion: Affect detection in whole body movement. In: Affective computing and intelligent interaction. Springer, pp 95–101
Dalgleish T, Power MJ (1999) Handbook of cognition and emotion. Wiley Online
Dawson ME, Schell AM, Bohmelt AH (2008) Startle modification: Implications for neuroscience, cognitive science, and clinical science. Cambridge University Press
DePasquale JP, Geller E, Clarke SW, Littleton LC (2001) Measuring road rage: development of the propensity for angry driving scale. J Saf Res 32(1):1–16. doi:10.1016/S0022-4375(00)00050-5
Dichter GS, Tomarken AJ, Baucom BR (2002) Startle modulation before, during and after exposure to emotional stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 43(2):191–196
Van Dongen S (2000) Graph clustering by flow simulation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht
Ekman P (1992) Are there basic emotions?
El Mawass N, Kanjo E (2013) A supermarket stress map. In: Ubicomp’13 adjunct Proceedings. ACM, pp 1043–1046
Exler A, Klebsattel C, Schankin A, Beigl M (2016) A wearable system for mood assessment considering smartphone features and mobile ecg measurements. In: Adjunct Proceedings of Ubicomp’16. ACM. To appear
Fisher CD, To ML (2012) Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior. J Organ Behav 33(7):865–877
Eyben F, W?llmer M, Poitschke T (2010) Emotion on the road?necessity, acceptance, and feasibility of affective computing in the car. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction p 17. doi:10.1155/2010/263593
De Gelder B, Hortensius R (2009) Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philos Trans Royal Soc 364:3475–3484
Geller T (2014) How do you feel?: Your computer knows. Commun ACM 57 (1):24–26
Giaccardi E, Fogli D (2008) Affective Geographies: Toward Richer Cartographic Semantics for the Geospatial Web. In: Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces (AVI ’08), pp 173–180
Granholm E, Steinhauer SR (2004) Int J Psychophysiol 52(1):1–6. Pupillometric Measures of Cognitive and Emotional Processes
Grunerbl A, Muaremi A, Osmani V, Bahle G, Ohler S, Troster G, Mayora O, Haring C, Lukowicz P (2014) Smartphone-based recognition of states and state changes in bipolar disorder patients. IEEE J Biomed Health Inf 19(1):140–148
Hatfield E, Cacioppo J, Rapson R (1993) Emotional contagion. Current directions. Psychol Sci 2:96–99. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953
Healey J, Picard R (2000) Smartcar: Detecting driver stress. In: Pattern Recognition. 15th International Conference on 2000. Proceedings, vol 4, pp 218–221. doi:10.1109/ICPR.2000.902898
Hemminki S, Zhao K, Ding AY, Rannanjarvi M, Tarkoma S, Nurmi P (2013) Cosense: A collaborative sensing platform for mobile devices. Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, p 34
Herdem KC (2012) Reactions: Twitter based mobile application for awareness of friends’ emotions. In: UbiComp’12. ACM
Hernandez J, McDuff DJ, Picard RW (2015) Biophone: Physiology monitoring from peripheral smartphone motions. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Jercic P, Astor PJ, Adam MTP, Hilborn O, Schaaff K, Lindley C, Sennersten C, Eriksson J (2012) A serious game using physiological interfaces for emotion regulation training in the context of financial decision-making. In: ECIS, p 207
Joint M (1995) Road rage
Knighten J, McMillan S, Chambers T, Payton J (2015) Recognizing social gestures with a Wrist-Worn Smartband. Pervasive Computing and Communication, pp 544–549
Konomi S (2011) Colocation networks: exploring the use of social andgeographical patterns in context-aware services. In: UbiComp’11 adjunct proceedings. ACM, pp 565–566
Koolagudi S, Rao K (2012) Emotion recognition from speech: a Review. Int. J. Speech Technol. 15(2):99–117
Kramer AD, Guillory JE, Hancock JT (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, p 201320040
Kramer ADI, Guillory JE, Hancock JT (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(24)
Lane N, Miluzzo E, Lu H, Peebles D, Choudhury T, Campbell A (2010) A survey of mobile phone sensin. Commun Mag 48:140–150
Lang PJ, Greenwald MK, Bradley MM, Hamm AO (1993) Looking at pictures: Affective, Facial, Visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, pp 161–273
Lee H, Choi YS, Lee S, Park I (2012) Towards unobtrusive emotion recognition for affective social communication. In: CCNC’12
Leng H, Lin Y, Zanzi LA (2007) An experimental study on physiological parameters toward driver emotion recognition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 237–246. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73333-1_30
LiKamWa R, Liu Y, Lane ND, Zhong L (2013) Moodscope: Building a mood sensor from smartphone usage patterns. In: MobiSys 2013, MobiSys ’13. ACM
Mackerron G, Mourato S (2013) Happiness is greater in natural environments. Glob Environ Chang 23(5):992–1000
Mehrabian A (1996) Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Curr Psychol 14(4):261–292
Mody RN, Willis KS, Kerstein R (2009) Wimo: location-based emotion tagging. Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia
Myrtek M, Aschenbrenner E, Brügner G. (2005) Emotions in everyday life: An ambulatory monitoring study with female students. Biol Psychol 68(3):237–55
Nardelli M, Valenza G, Greco A, Lanata A, Scilingo E (2015) Recognizing emotions induced by affective sounds through heart rate variability. IEEE Trans Affect Comput PP(99):1–1
Nold C (2004) Bio mapping
Nurmi P, Koolwaaij J (2006) Identifying meaningful locations. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networks and Services, pp 1–8
De Oliveira THM (2015) The emotion-aware city: using ambient geographic information (agi) in order to understand emotion and stress within smart cities. In: AGILE PhD School
Paltoglou G, Thelwall M (2012) Twitter, myspace, digg: Unsupervised sentiment analysis in social media. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 3(4):66:1–66:19
Pánek J., Pászto V., Marek L (2017) Mapping emotions: Spatial distribution of safety perception in the city of Olomouc. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 211–224
Picard RW (2015) Recognizing stress, engagement, and positive emotion. In: 20th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. ACM, pp 3–4
Prusa JD, Khoshgoftaar TM, Dittmann DJ (2015) Impact of feature selection techniques for tweet sentiment classification. In: Twenty-Eighth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
Pu Q, Gupta S, Gollakota S, Patel S (2013) Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals. In: 19th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom ’13, pp 27–38
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, Williams SM (2001) Physiological changes associated with emotion
Raja M, Sigg S (2016) Applicability of rf-based methods for emotion recognition: A survey. In: IEEE PerCom’16 adjunct proceedings
Russell JA (1980) A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 39(6):1161
Samuli H, Petteri N, Sasu T (2013) Accelerometer-based transportation mode detection on smartphones. Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys)
Scherer KR (2005) What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Soc Sci Inf 44(4):695–729
Schimmack U, Grob A (2000) Dimensional models of core affect: A quantitative comparison by means of structural equation modeling. Eur J Personal 14(4):325–345
Schroeder M, Cowie R (2006) Issues in emotion-oriented computing - towards a shared understanding. In: Proceedings Workshop on Emotion and Computing at KI 2006
Sekimoto Y, Shibasaki R, Kanasugi H, Usui T, Shimazaki Y (2011) PFlow: Reconstructing people flow recycling large-scale social survey data. IEEE Pervasive Comput 10(4):27–35
Sigg S, Blanke U, Troster G (2014) The telepathic phone: Frictionless activity recognition from wifi-rssi. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), pp 148–155
Sigg S, Scholz M, Shi S, Ji Y, Beigl M (2014) Rf-sensing of activities from non-cooperative subjects in device-free recognition systems using ambient and local signals. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 13(4):907–920
Stanners RF, Coulter M, Sweet AW, Murphy P (1979) The pupillary response as an indicator of arousal and cognition. Motiv Emot 3(4):319–340
Steyer R, Schwenkmezger P, Notz P, Eid M (1997) Mdbf-mehrdimensionaler befindlichkeitsfragebogen [multidimensional mood questionnaire]
Sun FT, Kuo C, Cheng HT, Buthpitiya S, Collins P, Griss M (2012) Activity-aware mental stress detection using physiological sensors. Lect Notes Inst Comput Sci Soc Inf 72:282–301
Tan CSS, Schöning J, Luyten K, Coninx K (2013) Informing intelligent user interfaces by inferring affective states from body postures in ubiquitous computing environments. In: International Conference on Intelligent user interfaces. ACM, pp 235–246
Valenza G, Citi L, Lanatá A, Scilingo EP, Barbieri R (2014) Revealing real-time emotional responses: A personalized assessment based on heartbeat dynamics. Scientific reports, p 4
Venture G, Kadone H, Zhang T, Grèzes J., Berthoz A, Hicheur H (2014) Recognizing emotions conveyed by Human Gait. International Journal of Social Robotics
Verheyen C, Göritz A.S. (2009) Plain texts as an online mood-induction procedure. Soc Psychol 40(1):6–15
Wang H, Zhang D, Ma J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu D, Gu T (2016) Human respiration detection with commodity wifi devices: Do user location and body orientation matter? In: Ubicomp 2016. ACM
Wang W, Chen L, Thirunarayan K, Sheth A Harnessing twitter ‘big data’ for automatic emotion identification
Wang W, Liu A, Shahzad M (2016) Gait recognition using wifi signals. In: Ubicomp 2016. ACM
Wilhelm P, Schoebi D (2007) Assessing mood in daily life. Eur J Psychol Assess 23(4):258–267
Wilhelm P, Schoebi D (2007) Assessing mood in daily life: Structural validity, Sensitivity to change, and reliability of a short-scale to measure three basic dimensions of mood. Eur J Psychol Assess 23(4):258
Wu D, Zhang D, Xu C, Wang Y, Wang H (2016) Widir: Walking direction estimation using wireless signals. In: Ubicomp 2016. ACM
Zheng BS, Murugappan M, Yaacob S (2013) Fcm clustering of emotional stress using ecg features. In: 2013 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, pp 305–309
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Christoph Klebsattel for his support in conducting the experiments on the mood induction and recognition. We would further like to thank Dr. Andrea Schankin for the fruitful discussions about affective states, their characteristics and assessment methods. We are also thankful to Syed Safi Ali Shah for sharing his knowledge in DFAR research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raja, M., Exler, A., Hemminki, S. et al. Towards pervasive geospatial affect perception. Geoinformatica 22, 143–169 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-017-0294-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-017-0294-1