Abstract
Providing an adequate route description requires in-depth spatial knowledge of the route in question. In this article we demonstrate that despite having travelled a route recently and having much experience of the area in question, an individual may lack such a degree of knowledge. Previous research and experience informs us that a map is an effective tool for bridging gaps in one’s spatial knowledge. In this article we propose an approach, known as an Interactive Route Description, for defining and interpreting route descriptions interactively with a map. This approach is based on the concept of annotating the map in question and allows the aforementioned gap in one’s spatial knowledge to be bridged. An additional benefit of defining route descriptions in this way is that it facilitates automatic parsing and in turn offers many potential applications. One such application, illustrated in this paper, is the automatic transformation to other representations of the description such as turn-by-turn instructions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawala M, Stolte C (2001) Rendering effective route maps: improving usability through generalization. In: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, SIGGRAPH ’01. ACM, New York, pp 241–249
Allen G (2000) Principles and practices for communicating route knowledge. Appl Cogn Psychol 14(4):333–359
Baskaya A, Wilson C, Özcan Y (2004) Wayfinding in an unfamiliar environment. Environ Behav 36(6):839–867
Bell S, Archibald J (2011) Sketch mapping and geographic knowledge: what role for drawing ability? In: Wang J, Broelemann K, Chipofya M, Schwering A, Wallgrn JO (eds) An interdisciplinary approach to understanding and processing sketch maps, pp 5–14
Blades M, Medlicott I (1992) Developmental differences in the ability to give route directions from a map. J Environ Psychol 12(2):175–185
Brakatsoulas S, Pfoser D, Salas R, Wenk C (2005) On map-matching vehicle tracking data. In: Proceedings of the 31st international conference on very large data bases, VLDB ’05. VLDB Endowment, pp 853–864
Broelemann K (2011) A system for automatic localization and recognition of sketch map objects. In: Understanding and processing sketch maps, Proceedings of the Cosit 2011 workshop, pp 11–20
Chipofya M, Wang J, Schwering A (2011) Towards cognitively plausible spatial representations for sketch map alignment. In: Egenhofer M, Giudice N, Moratz R, Worboys M (eds) Spatial information theory. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 6899. Springer, Berlin, pp 20–39
Chittaro L, Burigat S (2005) Augmenting audio messages with visual directions in mobile guides: an evaluation of three approaches. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on human computer interaction with mobile devices & services, MobileHCI ’05. ACM, New York, pp 107–114
Corcoran P, Mooney P (2013) Characterising the metric and topological evolution of OpensTreetMap network representations. The European Physical Journal Special Topics 215(1):109–122
Corcoran P, Mooney P, Bertolotto M (2013) Analysing the growth of openstreetmap networks. Spatial Statistics (accepted)
Couclelis H (1996) Verbal directions for way-finding: space, cognition, and language. In: Portugali J (ed) The construction of cognitive maps. Geojournal library, vol 32. Springer, Netherlands, pp 133–153
Daniel M, Denis M (1998) Spatial descriptions as navigational aids: a cognitive analysis of route directions. Kognitionswissenschaft 7:45–52
Denis M, Pazzaglia F, Cornoldi C, Bertolo L (1999) Spatial discourse and navigation: an analysis of route directions in the city of venice. Appl Cogn Psychol 13(2):145–174
Duckham M, Winter S, Robinson M (2010) Including landmarks in routing instructions. Journal of Location Based Services 4(1):28–52
Eccles D, Walsh S, Ingledew D (2002) The use of heuristics during route planning by expert and novice orienteers. J Sports Sci 20(4):327–337
Fickas S, Sohlberg M, Hung P (2008) Route-following assistance for travelers with cognitive impairments: a comparison of four prompt modes. Int J Human-Comput Stud 66(12):876–888
Garling T, Lindberg E, Mantyla T (1983) Orientation in buildings: effects of familiarity, visual access, and orientation aids. J Appl Psychol 68(1):177–186
Goldstein B (2010) Cognitive psychology. Wadsworth Publishing
Goodman J, Brewster S, Gray P (2004) Using field experiments to evaluate mobile guides. In: Schmidt-Belz B (ed) HCI in mobile guides, workshop at mobile HCI
Goodman J, Brewster S, Gray P (2005) How can we best use landmarks to support older people in navigation? Behav Inf Technol 24(1):3–20
Hart S, Staveland L (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock P, Meshkati N (eds) Human mental workload. North Holland, Amsterdam
Holscher C, Tenbrink T, Wiener J (2011) Would you follow your own route description? Cognitive strategies in urban route planning. Cognition 121(2):228–247
Hund A, Haney K, Seanor B (2008) The role of recipient perspective in giving and following wayfinding directions. Appl Cogn Psychol 22(7):896–916
Hund A, Minarik J (2006) Getting from here to there: spatial anxiety, wayfinding strategies, direction type, and wayfinding efficiency. Spat Cogn Comput 6(3):179–201
Hund A, Padgitt A (2010) Direction giving and following in the service of wayfinding in a complex indoor environment. J Environ Psychol 30(4):553–564
Ishikawa T, Fujiwara H, Imai O, Okabe A (2008) Wayfinding with a gps-based mobile navigation system: a comparison with maps and direct experience. J Environ Psychol 28(1):74–82
Klippel A, Hirtle S, Davies C (2010) You-are-here maps: creating spatial awareness through map-like representations. Spat Cogn Comput 10(2–3):83–93
Klippel A, Tappe H, Habel C (2003) Pictorial representations of routes: chunking route segments during comprehension. In: Freksa C, Brauer W, Habel C, Wender K (eds) Spatial cognition III. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2685. Springer, Berlin, pp 1034–1034
Kopf J, Agrawala M, Bargeron D, Salesin D, Cohen M (2010) Automatic generation of destination maps. ACM Trans Graph 29(6):158:1–158:12
Kray C, Elting C, Laakso K, Coors V (2003) Presenting route instructions on mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on intelligent user interfaces, IUI ’03. ACM, New York, pp 117–124
Li R, Klippel A (2012) Wayfinding in libraries: can problems be predicted? Journal of Map & Geography Libraries 8(1):21–38
Lloyd R (1997) Spatial cognition: geographic environments. Springer
Lloyd R, Heivly C (1987) Systematic distortions in urban cognitive maps. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 77(2):191–207
Lovelace L, Hegarty M, Montello D (1999) Elements of good route directions in familiar and unfamiliar environments. In: Freksa C, Mark D (eds) Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science
Meilinger T, Hölscher C, Büchner S, Brösamle M (2007) How much information do you need? Schematic maps in wayfinding and self localisation. In: Barkowsky T, Knauff M, Ligozat G, Montello D (eds) Spatial cognition V reasoning, action, interaction. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4387. Springer, Berlin, pp 381–400
Meilinger T, Knauff M (2008) Ask for directions or use a map: a field experiment on spatial orientation and wayfinding in an urban environment. Journal of Spatial Science 53(2):13–23
Mooney P, Corcoran P, Winstanley A (2010) Towards quality metrics for OpensTreetMap. In: Proceedings of the 18th SIGSPATIAL international conference on advances in geographic information systems. ACM, pp 514–517
Padgitt A, Hund A (2012) How good are these directions? Determining direction quality and wayfinding efficiency. J Environ Psychol 32(2):164–172
Raubal M, Egenhofer M (1998) Comparing the complexity of wayfinding tasks in built environments. Environ Plann, B Plann Des 25(6):895–913
Rehrl K, Hausler E, Leitinger S (2010) Comparing the effectiveness of GPS-enhanced voice guidance for pedestrians with metric- and landmark-based instruction sets. In: Fabrikant S, Reichenbacher T, van Kreveld M, Schlieder C (eds) Geographic information science, vol 6292. Springer, Berlin, pp 189–203
Richter K, Hirtle S, Srinivas S, Firth R (2010) This is the tricky part: when directions become difficult. Journal of Spatial Information Science 1(1):53–73
Richter K, Tomko M, Winter S (2008) A dialog-driven process of generating route directions. Comput Environ Urban Syst 32(3):233–245
Rukzio E, Müller M, Hardy R (2009) Design, implementation and evaluation of a novel public display for pedestrian navigation: the rotating compass. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on human factors in computing systems, CHI ’09. ACM, New York, pp 113–122
Skubic M, Blisard S, Bailey C, Adams J, Matsakis P (2004) Qualitative analysis of sketched route maps: translating a sketch into linguistic descriptions. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern, Part B, Cybern 34(2):1275–1282
Tenbrink T, Berbmann E, Konieczny L (2011) Wayfinding and description strategies in an unfamiliar complex building. In: Carlson L, Holscher C, Shipley T (eds) Proceedings of the 33rd annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX
Tom AC, Tversky B (2012) Remembering routes: streets and landmarks. Appl Cogn Psychol 26(2):182–193
Tomko M, Winter S (2009) Pragmatic construction of destination descriptions for urban environments. Spat Cogn Comput 9(1):1–29
Tu Huynh N, Doherty S (2007) Digital sketch-map drawing as an instrument to collect data about spatial cognition. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 42(4):285–296
Tversky B (1981) Distortions in memory for maps. Cogn Psychol 13(3):407–433
Tversky B, Lee P (1999) Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In: Freksa C, Mark D (eds) Spatial information theory. Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1661. Springer, Berlin, pp 752–752
Wang J, Li R (2012) An empirical study on pertinent aspects of sketch maps for navigation. In: IEEE international conference series on cognitive informatics and cognitive computing. Kyoto, Japan
Ward S, Newcombe N, Overton W (1986) Turn left at the church, or three miles north a study of direction giving and sex differences. Environ Behav 18(2):192–213
Westphal M, Renz J (2011) Evaluating and minimizing ambiguities in qualitative route instructions. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL international conference on advances in geographic information systems, GIS ’11. ACM, New York, pp 171–180
White C, Bernstein D, Kornhauser A (2000) Some map matching algorithms for personal navigation assistants. Transp Res, Part C Emerg Technol 8(1–6):91–108
Ziegler J, Hussein T, Munter D, Hofmann J, Linder T (2011) Generating route instructions with varying levels of detail. In: International conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications
Acknowledgements
Research presented in this paper was primarily funded by the Irish Research Council (IRC) EMPOWER program. It was also in part funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) STRIVE programme (Grant 2008-FS-DM-14-S4) and a Strategic Research Cluster Grant (07/SRC/I1168) from Science Foundation Ireland under the National Development Plan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Corcoran, P., Mooney, P. & Bertolotto, M. Interactive cartographic route descriptions. Geoinformatica 18, 1–26 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-013-0175-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-013-0175-1